History Of What Is Crime Criminology Essay

History Of What Is Crime Criminology Essay What is crime. Many people when asked this question assume its a common sense answer, something that is seemed wrong or illegal and results in punishment of some form. However there is no simple answer to this question. According to the Oxford dictionary crime is defined as an action or omission which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law, therefore in its simplest form crime is a punishable act of which breaks the rules of the law. However the concept of crime is surrounded by constantly changing ideas and perceptions of what constitutes criminal behaviour. Crime is always socially defined leading to competing views and extensive debate. In this essay I will be focusing on defining crime in terms of legal definitions and also defining crimes in terms of sociological definitions, which can be argued to be the main to focuses when attempting to answer this question. Blackburn (1993) defines crime as acts attracting legal punishment, [they] are offences against the community. Crimes result with consequences that are damaging in some way to the community or one of more people within it. These consequences can range from trivial to severe. Blackburn recognizes that crimes are, in theory, generally disapproved by the entire of society as they often involve violating moral rules held by those members of society, he also notes some of the difficulties and limitations of this way of defining crime. For example, personal opinion will impact the definition of crime. Not all crimes are disapproved by all people, e.g. speeding. This is a criminal act but does not have a wide-spread social disapproval. Secondly, whilst the vast majority of criminal acts such as murder violate societies moral rules, acts that are part of a bigger picture do not such as possession of a banned drug for personal use, these crimes can be termed victimless crimes. These crimes ar e illegal in the UK but there is not a clear understanding of which, if any, moral codes they violate. This leads me on to the question of whether crime, although its primarily defined by the law, is it not also based on social and cultural factors (social and cultural norms and values)? In our society it is the legal system that defines which acts are criminal and which are not. A crime cannot be committed unless the act violates the law. In the UK the legal system follows a tradition of a crime has not been committed unless there is a guilty act, an act that is voluntarily carried out with a guilty mind and an intention to commit the act. Therefore in theory if the act has not been intentionally chosen then it is not a crime. It can be argued that there is an assumption that criminal acts are systematically arranged in law; the law has been created, policed and enforced by the UK state. Crime in terms of the legal system is acts which break the law of the land, as demonstrated by the Oxford English Dictionary definition. The legal definition of crime is a very weighted argument, however many also argue that in order to define crime we rely on existing social and cultural norms which are accepted in society. The definition of crime is dependent on it as it effects our own interpretation of what crime is. Social and cultural factors are constantly evolving and changing. They are not static and this therefore makes them susceptible to changes which inevitably affect the definition of crime. For example, the 1604 Witchcraft Act. This law stated that those who had been accused of witchcraft were burnt at the stake if the cases were petty treason, however with the majority of cases resulting in hanging or a year in prison if the individual committed only a minor offence. This act was repealed in 1951 in Britain. However, a clear example of how social and cultural factors impact the law is the fact that in Africa, the witchcraft ban in Zimbabwe only ended in 2006. Therefore, on the one hand crimes are acts that break the law, and on the other, they are acts which can offend against a set of norms like a moral code, this is also known as the normative definition of crime. Cultures change and the political environment changes with that which means societies may criminalise or decriminalise certain behaviours. This will also have an impact on crime rates which will then also inevitably influence the general public opinion of crime. In the UK rape is a definite Invasion of our social norms, values and rights as an individual. Rape is not accepted in any case. However in South Africa a survey by CIET found that 60% of both boys and girls, aged 10 to 19 years old, thought it was not violent to force sex upon someone they knew, while around 11% of boys and 4% of girls admitted to forcing someone else to have sex with them. The study also found that 12.7% of the students believed in the virgin cleansing myth (an HIV/AIDS positive male believing that having sex with a virgin girl will cure him of his disease). In the culture these children have been socialised into, these are their own social norms and opinions that are accepted in their society, in the UK and in fact in the majority of other countries and cultures around the world this behaviour would be seen as illegal, horrific and completely wrong. A final impact on our norms and behaviour is religious traditions that may promote these norms. The may, in turn clash or fit with perceived interests of a state. Many socially accepted or even imposed religious morality has influences on issues that may otherwise only have concerned each individuals conscience. There are many activities that are sometimes criminalized on religious grounds, for example alcohol-consumption and abortion. However although these may be beliefs of certain religious followers, in societies where religion has less power and impact on the legal system both these acts are legal and widely accepted. So what a crime is depends on whether you view it from a legal or a normative perspective. There is no simple, fixed, objective definition of crime it is not a simple matter. Crimes are defined by societies and by culture and the time that we live in. For example, it would not have been a crime one hundred years ago to not pay your TV licence in the UK, because there was no TV. In Victorian pharmacies, cocaine was sold, but today this would be considered illegal in most countries. So what we view as a crime depends on how crime is viewed, time, particular society and the culture. Society is constantly evolving and changing along with social values, beliefs and norms. This process will inevitably have an impact on what constitutes a crime and how crime is in general defined. Although there are many problems with defining crime, this shouldnt overshadow the fact that the purpose of the law to reinforce the punishment of crime is clear, it is there to protect the public, this could in i tself contribute to defining crime.

Welding with Children

Seth Bohlander English 1102 Mrs. Hammonds 10 October 2010 Bruton’s Change â€Å"Welding with Children† is a short story that illustrates thematic ideas from beginning to end. Throughout the story, Bruton, an older redheaded man with papery skin, shows that his parenting skills have suffered, and he is embarrassed with how he raised his four daughters in the past. With his daughters now grown, the reputation of their upbringing still haunts him. Examples like Bruton’s car being referred to as the â€Å"bastardmobile† show just what type of reputation he is dealing with.Though as the story progresses, Bruton shows change. Through a series of epiphanies or awakenings, he realizes he can’t undo his previous mistakes, but believes he can redeem himself by parenting his grandchildren the correct way, all while welding with children. From the beginning of the story, Bruton shows his carefree attitude on things that are considered important to most people. After dropping out of college in his first semester, he states, â€Å" I may have flunked out that semester, but I got my money’s worth learning about people that don’t have hearts no bigger than birds shot† (Gautreaux 200).His attitude shows he has no drive to fix problems. In an interesting way, he sees some sort of accomplishment from his failure. This attitude is similar to how he raised his children. He knows he messed up, but feels he can do nothing but live with his mistakes. Bruton continues to show his stagnant attitude throughout the story until experiencing his first epiphany. While driving home, one of the grandchildren Freddy says something that indicates to be a curse word. When asked where he heard words like those, Freddy says he heard it on a late night comedy program.Bruton is enlightened, and thinks back on his four daughters. â€Å"None of them has any religion to speak of. The girls grew up watching cable and videos every night, and thatâ⠂¬â„¢s where they got their view of the world, and that’s why four dirty blondes . . . thought they lived in a Hollywood soap opera (Gautreaux 202). This is suggests that television is to blame. Seeing that history does repeat itself, Bruton takes advantage of the situation and sits the kids down and begins teaching them about the bible.The sense of urgency shows this to be an important aspect of parenting that he forgot. Before being enlightened, Bruton believed that the reason his four daughters turned out the way they did, was solely his wife’s fault. Since she was gone all the time, he found it easy to point the finger to her. He never felt accountable, but after the first awakening, Bruton takes full responsibility for his actions and signs of change. With the weight of responsibility on his back, Bruton turns to the only people he knows who can help him. The Tree of Knowledge†, a group of men whom have already insulted Bruton, give him three helpful suggest ions. They tell him to clean his yard, join the Methodist church, and keep the children with him as much as possible. At first, the suggestions appear to be patronizing, but somehow Bruton sees a positive message through their comments. Turing to these men for advice shows that Bruton is sympathetic. After the vicious comments that were made to Bruton’s daughters, he shows signs of forgiveness and remorse to go to these men for help.In conclusion, Bruton sends a message that is simple and bold. Embracing opportunity enables the probability of change. â€Å"Time for a change† (Gautreaux 210). Being assigned the duty to babysit his grandchildren appeared to be a simple task, but seeing the opportunity to fix a problem that has been passed down through two generations makes Bruton a heroic and dynamic character. Work Cited Gautreaux, Tim. â€Å"Welding with Children. † Perrines’s Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense, 10th ed. Thomas R. Arp and Greg Johnso n. Boston: Wadsworth, 2009. 198-211. Print.

Why People Arent Discussing College Application Essay Samples Pdf and What You Need to be Doing Right Now About It

Why People Aren't Discussing College Application Essay Samples Pdf and What You Need to be Doing Right Now About It The 30-Second Trick for College Application Essay Samples Pdf It's perhaps not possible to locate a person who'd argue against freedom, and that means you would want to discover an unusual angle from which to approach the topic. Colleges are searching for a feeling of maturity and introspectionpinpoint the transformation and demonstrate your private growth. To do this, you should brainstorm an adequate subject which expresses your nature and your best accomplishments. While my parents may not understand the worth of formal education, I know it's vital for my future. Facts, Fiction and College Application Essay Samples Pdf You may also acquire several discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. Review cnet other web websites or university has turned into a rough draft. You may also fin d a lot of successful sample essays online. On our site, you can acquire the ideal scholarship application essay in a couple of clicks. When you purchase an essay from us, you're guaranteed to relish individual approach because essay help offered by our writers is always customized depending on your requirements. The single most essential part of your essay preparation might be simply making certain you truly understand the question or essay prompt. A good college essay introduction is essential to making your essay stand out so there's a good deal of pressure to receive it right. Before you even begin writing the content of your college essay, there are a number of essay writing basic guide that you always need to bear in mind. Choosing online essay writers isn't a nightmare anymore. To submit an application for RU, you should hand in an essay. Following your nomination, you're required to forward an essay. Before you commence writing your college essay, you might want to see the essay examplesA that we've listed for you, so you may have more idea on what things to put in the college essay which you will create. Learn precisely what the needs of the prompt are. Your application essay is able to help you stick out from the remainder of the candidates and get noticed by the admission board. You must show the admission committee what makes you stick out from the other applicants. Even in the event the deadline is truly tight, feel free to get hold of our managers. Becoming able to compose an essay is an essential part of any students education. Essays are an essential component in the college application procedure. Writing the college application essay can be among the most daunting sections of app lying to college. There are many different college application essay suggestions to help you prepare a superior paper. The application essay is a typical portion of the university and college admissions process. What's more, there's an allowance to use the exact same funny approach utilized by the college. If you are searching for a quick college application essay help, you're at the perfect location. The 30-Second Trick for College Application Essay Samples Pdf If you're going to get in the college of your dreams, you ought to consider how to compose an application essay that stands out from the crowd. As a way to be successful from the start, students will need to begin with sufficient reading and writing skills. A self introduction essay is in the majority of cases written utilizing the very first person viewpoint. Our essay writing service is made for individuals that are dreaming of becoming the cap of the college and have an urge to receive only substantial marks and praises of their tea chers. The essay that's full of bad puns or off-color jokes will often wind up in the rejection pile. 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Getting a Teacher Certificate

As the TESOL teaching profession becomes more and more competitive, finding a good teaching job requires higher qualifications. In Europe, the TESOL teaching certificate is the base qualification. There are a number of different names for this teaching certificate including the TESL teaching certificate and TEFL teaching certificate. After that, teachers who are committed to the profession will usually go on to take the TESOL diploma. The TESOL Diploma is a full years course and is currently highly valued in Europe.    An Overview This main purpose of this diploma (besides, lets be honest, improving career qualifications) is to give the TESOL teacher a broad overview of the principal approaches to teaching and learning English. The course serves to raise the teachers consciousness as to what learning processes are taking place during  language acquisition and instruction. The basis is on an underlying teaching philosophy of Principled Eclecticism. In other words, no one method is taught as being correct. An inclusive approach is taken, giving each school of thought its due, while also examining its possible shortcomings. The objective of the diploma is to give the TESOL teacher the necessary tools to evaluate and apply different teaching methods to meet each students needs. Taking the Course The distance learning method has both its positive and negative side. There is a massive amount of information to get through and it takes quite a bit of self-discipline to complete the coursework effectively. Certain areas of study also seem to play a larger role than others. Thus, phonetics and phonology play a leading role in the makeup of the course (30% of modules and  ¼ of the exam), while other, more practical subjects such as reading and writing, play a relatively minor role. In general, the emphasis is on teaching and learning theory and not necessarily on the application of specific instruction methods. However, the practical part of the diploma does focus very specifically on teaching theory. Logistically, the support and help from Sheffield Hallam and the course directors at English Worldwide were excellent. The final intensive course of five days was essential for the successful completion of the course. This session was in many ways the most satisfying part of the course and served to unify all the various schools of thought studied, as well as providing practical exam writing practice. Advice Self-discipline and good pacing throughout the entire academic year are of absolute importance in order to deal with all the material presented.As the exam itself concentrates not on single areas of instruction, but rather to global issues, relate parts to the whole on a continuing basis.Get some kind of holiday break in before the final intensive week and exam preparation.   Other Experiences The following other articles and accounts of studying for various teaching certifications. A review of the i-to-i Online Tefl CertificateThe British Councils 404 TEFL Qualifications Guide

Henderson Printing - 1168 Words

I have been asked to review the compensation system practices for Henderson Printing with a view to establishing a common set of principles and practices that are understood by both management and employees of the organization. In addition, it is both logical and desirable to ensure that Henderson Printing is motivating and rewarding a common set of skills and behaviours to all employees consistently in the organization in order for Henderson Printing to be the most viable organization as possible. Findings and Issues: Employees of Henderson Printing need to be feel that they are all being paid fairly at all levels within the organization. Currently there is no formal system of compensation that Henderson Printing follows and†¦show more content†¦Henderson has displayed. It will help with the issue of cost control and ensuring no one is being over paid for their job. The job evaluation system will also engage and motivate employees to seek promotions within Henderson Printing as they will encouraged to reach the next level and advance within the organization. Role clarity will also assist in the job evaluation process assisting employees in better understanding their role and responsibilities; as is the case with the current rank of supervisors providing conflicting information to employees. In addition to the job evaluation system described above, I would recommend Henderson printing implement a profit sharing plan in the organization which provides bonus payments to employees based on their profits of the organization. Employees of Henderson Printing will feel more motivated to improve the organization’s profits, it will promote improved cooperation with team members and stronger organizational citizenship. In addition, over time, if production becomes more efficient due to the employee’s invested interest in the organization and identify perhaps new and innovated ways to increase production seamlessly, there may be an ability to reduce the need for supervisors and/or on-site managers, which would result in further reducing operating costs. Recruitment and retention of employees may also be assisted withShow MoreRelatedStrategic Compensation Henderson Printing1356 Words   |  6 PagesCompensation Henderson Printing June 12 2012 Case Study Henderson Printing As a component of the structural variables in the organization of Henderson Printing the reward system is archaic and ineffective at best, it is therefore important to understand the contextual variables affecting Henderson that will determine the most appropriate managerial strategy for this organization. Of the five contextual variables, Environment is the most critical. Henderson PrintingRead MoreCompensation System Of Henderson Printing Company1132 Words   |  5 PagesCompensation system in Henderson printing company Introduction One of the important aspects of business management is having a proper compensation system. Compensation ensures that the staff of the company obtains the results of their efforts. Compensation is a cost to the enterprise and, therefore, a proper remuneration model must demonstrate its ability to produce returns. Also, since compensation is what the employees get in exchange for their services, the type used must be one that will motivateRead MoreHrmt 326 Henderson Printing Essay1511 Words   |  7 PagesHenderson Printing Case Study Henderson Printing is a small-to medium sized firm that manufactures account books, ledgers, and various types of record books that are used in business (Long, 2010, p. 512). This company’s compensation system will be analyzed based on the five contextual variables as discussed in the textbook. The environment in which Henderson Printing operates can be classified as stable, as well as simple. This can be justified, as the company produces stable annual sales, thusRead MoreKodak And Its First Snapshot Camera1443 Words   |  6 Pagessold about 16.5 million of them. However, a patent infringement suit by Polaroid forced Kodak to abandon their instant camera product line. â€Å"By 1976 Kodak controlled 90% of the film market and 85% of camera sales in the United States† (Gavetti, Henderson and Giorgi 3). Kodak grew significantly, but it began to slow due to an increase in competition from Fuji Photo Film Company. Starting in 1983, with a new CEO, Colby Chandler, Kodak wa nted to enter into the digital business. In 1986, the companyRead MoreAn Evaluation Of A Buffer Arrangement1747 Words   |  7 Pagesand sodium acetic acid derivation) or a frail base and its conjugate (smelling salts and ammonium chloride). When all is said in done, the pH extend in which a support arrangement is compelling is +/ - one pH unit on either side of the pKa. The Henderson–Hasselbalch gives the data expected to set up a cushion. (1) There is a point of confinement to the measure of corrosive or base that can be added to a cradle arrangement before one of the segments is spent. This point of confinement is known asRead MoreImportance of Photography902 Words   |  4 Pagesbe able to record images that he or she was interested in. Even with this, George Eastmans Kodak camera is probably the most recognized when considering early advancements in photography for the masses. Eastman initially collaborated with David Henderson Houston who invented the roll film and who enabled Eastman to provide his customers with an even easier method of developing films. B. 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He went to school for printmaking on things like wood slabs, linoleum, and block printing. Similar to Douglas, James was also an illustrator for books and magazines like The Crisis, and Opportunity. His art medium is still around today and after his death, it lives in many of his students works of art. Other than printmaking he also usedRead Moreundertake project work Essay1229 Words   |  5 PagesDay tour to Fremantle Foundry Engineering CO. +61 8 9494 8100 +61 8 9494 8199 2 Contest Link Henderson WA 6166 Project definition The project is based on organizing a day tour to a major maritime company in Fremantle, WA, to introduce a business management class of 30 students to see how a good management program operates. As allocated budget, we have $ 10000 available funds, which will be detailed later in the project. To ensure that we succeed in the completion of the project eachRead MoreEssay on Sociology: Black Like Me1713 Words   |  7 Pageseveryone. Either we alter our comfort to conform to the ideology or we accept the altered truth that conforms to our comfort. (Griffin, 1996: 74) REFERENCES Class notes. SOCI 201 Winter 2010. Linda Henderson, University of Calgary. Griffin, John Howard. 1996. Black Like Me. New York: Signet Printing.

The Characteristics Of Adult Learners Education Essay Free Essays

string(65) " three general larning manners: ocular, audile, and kinesthetic\." Adult pupils in the procedure of ELT construct the particular group of people socially accepted as mature and who are in a learning procedure. Education of grownups has long been perceived as different from instruction of kids in both theory and pattern. The field of big instruction was pioneered by Malcom Knowles who claimed that andragogy should be distinguished from teaching method. We will write a custom essay sample on The Characteristics Of Adult Learners Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Andragogy consists of larning schemes focused on grownups while teaching method is concerned on kids. Knowles ‘ theory of andragogy is an effort to develop a theory specifically for grownup acquisition. Adults bring life experience and a degree of adulthood into the schoolroom that kids and striplings do non. Probably the individual most of import concern for the instructor of grownups is a thorough apprehension of the scholar. Through such an apprehension it is possible to direct your learning to the specific demands and involvements of the grownup. Adults are autonomous and expect to take duty for determinations. Adult larning plans must suit this cardinal facet. In practical footings, it means that direction for grownups demands to concentrate more on the procedure and less on the content being taught. It is of import to utilize schemes such as function playing, simulations, undertaking work and treatments rather frequently because they are most utile for big pupils who are job -centred, goal- oriented and practical. Teacher adopts a function of facilitator or resource instead than lector or grader. Furthermore, another facet of grownup instruction is motive because merely when pupils are motivated they can larn. The best manner is to heighten studentsA? ground for larning. Teachers must be after their motivation scheme which is considered to be successful if it includes demoing grownup pupils the relationship between developing an expected publicity. Finally, we do non hold to bury another built-in portion of grownups larning which proper feedback is. We should cognize when and have to give feedback because good feedback is one of the basic wagess of acquisition. Teaching English to grownups is different from learning kids and teens and involves a considerable sum of planning and accomplishment to do it apprehensible and adaptable to all scholars. 1. Features of Adult Learners Compared to kids and teens, grownups have particular demands and demands as scholars. Adults are people who have the position of adulthood in their ain and other peopleA?s eyes, but in the instruction procedure they come in the low-level place of the scholars. It could be really hard at the beginning and it depends on persons how to cover with this state of affairs. A batch of grownups can go dying because they are so disquieted about traveling back to school and are afraid of their failure and may believe that they are unable to larn. â€Å" The struggle is that as grownups we already have certain well-developed thoughts about life along with our ain system of thoughts and beliefs. To acknowledge that we need to larn something new is to acknowledge that there is something incorrect with our present system. â€Å"[ 1 ] On the other manus, they have outlook about the acquisition procedure and they are able to accept duty for their ain acquisition. They are independent and self – directed, they are non dependent on other people for way. Adults as scholars are goal-oriented and results-oriented. They normally know what end they want to accomplish and they besides have specific consequences in head for instruction. They must see a ground why to larn something. Learning has to be valuable for them ; it should be related to their demands and eventually suit to their work. In other words, grownups seek instruction which is appropriate for their current lives. They are practical and are focused on the facets of the lessons ; it means they want to cognize how the lessons will be utile to them on the occupation. We must non bury that grownups have a batch of experience and a wealth of cognition and they expect to be treated consequently. They require larning that makes sense and is connected to their cognition and experience. They can be critical of learning methods ; they will non execute a learning activity merely because the instructor said to make it. Furthermore, we can anticipate that grownups are more disciplined that some kids and adolescents and are able to prolong a degree of motive. Compared to kids, grownups have more developed abstract idea ; it means we have to take appropriate activities adapted to utilize their minds to larn consciously. To sum it up, there are a batch of specific characteristics of grownup scholars which we have to bear in head in the procedure of learning. Compared to kids and adolescents, grownups have particular demands and demands as scholars. Of class, these are generalisations and there can look some exclusions in each group of scholars. 2. Learner Differences All pupils have different rational abilities. They think and learn otherwise. Learner differences are related to different thought manners and larning manners of pupils. Some of them use more than one manner, but by and large each individual has a preferable manner. We can separate brooding minds, originative minds, practical minds and conceptual minds. Brooding minds perceive new information subjectively, associate it to past experience and analyze their feelings about larning. On the contrary, originative minds like to play with new information, really frequently ask â€Å" why? † and make their ain solutions. Practical minds need factual information and attempt to happen the simplest and besides efficient manner to make something. In other words, they want to use their new accomplishments to their occupation. The last group consists of conceptual minds who are interested in how things work, non merely in the concluding result. They like seeing images and want to cognize the related constructs.[ 2 ] Equally of import are larning manners. Students normally tend to one acquisition manner because they associate it with larning success. There are three general larning manners: ocular, audile, and kinesthetic. You read "The Characteristics Of Adult Learners Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" Ocular scholars process new information when they can see it. They like artworks, illustrations, diagrams, images and presentations. Their slogan is â€Å" Show me. â€Å" Auditory scholars rely on sounds and voices ; they remember new information when it is spoken. They love talks and treatments. Their slogan is â€Å" Tell me. † Kinesthetic scholars need to make something to understand it. They want to touch the new information or manipulate it. They prefer written assignments, taking notes and scrutiny of objects. Their slogan is â€Å" Let me make it. † 3. Motivation for Adult Learning Motivation is some sort of internal thrust which pushes person to make things in order to accomplish something. A cognitive position of motive includes factors such as the demand for geographic expedition, activity, stimulation, new cognition and self-importance sweetening. Students come to education for many grounds. All grounds are acceptable because any motive is better than none. Unless you are motivated, you will non and can non larn. Most big pupils are at the schoolroom because they want to be. There are called â€Å" want to † scholars. Some of them are at that place because they need it for their occupation. They are â€Å" have to † scholars. There are a batch of motive factors. Some of the most common are: Promotion- depends on go throughing an test or making a class. Personal promotion – people want to acquire higher position at work. Social relationships – people want to do new friends. Escape/Stimulation – people want to avoid ennui, larning can disrupt the day-to-day modus operandi at place or at work. External outlooks – people try to carry through the outlooks of person with formal authorization. More money – after go throughing a class or successful graduation you can anticipate to gain more money. Social public assistance – attempt to better ability to be good to mankind and take part in community work Cognitive involvement – people who are interested in larning, they want to have new information and seek cognition for its ain interest There are Four Foundational Principles that motivate grownups to larn ( Wlodkowski, 2009 ) : Inclusion is the consciousness of scholars that they are a portion of an environment, they respect each other, and they have no fright of menace or humiliation. It is related to positive societal clime. Inclusion Fosters engagement. Attitude is a combination of constructs, information, and emotions. Attitude consequences in a sensitivity that can take to favorable or unfavorable response. Attitude causes a powerful consequence on human behavior and acquisition because they help people make sense of their universe. ( E.g. Negative larning experience can impact our attitude, engagement and outlooks. ) Meaning – devising, apprehension, and altering significance is a cardinal facet of grownup instruction. Deep significance causes that the experience or thought is connected to an of import end. Meaning comes from disputing larning experience in an piquant format about a relevant subject. Meaning sustains engagement. Competence is an attempt to effectual interaction with the universe. Adults have a strong innate temperament to be competent. They need to use what they have learned to the existent universe. Competence allows a pupil to experience confident when they know that they are expert at what they are larning. Assurance once more supports and motivates more extended acquisition. This can ensue in a spiralling moral force of competency and assurance. Increasing and directing pupil motive is one of a teacherA?s undertakings. We should form the indispensable motivational conditions. If we want to set up inclusion, we need to make a acquisition ambiance in which scholars and instructors feel respected and connected to one another. Following undertaking is to develop attitude, it means making a favorable temperament to larning through personal relevancy and pick. To heighten significance is of import to make ambitious and thoughtful acquisition experiences which include learnersA? positions and values. Furthermore we should breed competency by making an apprehension of scholar effectivity. And how do we cognize if scholars are motivated? There are some discernible indexs of intrinsic motive: Learners do activities without opposition. Learners spontaneously relate acquisition. Learners ask inquiries. Learners go beyond required work. Learners are proud of their acquisition and its effects. Unlike kids and adolescents, grownups have many duties that they must equilibrate. These duties can take to the barriers against take parting in larning. The most common jobs are deficiency of clip, money, assurance, involvement, deficiency of information, programming job and jobs with kid attention and transit. The best manner how to actuate grownup scholars is to heighten their ground for acquisition and diminish the barriers. As instructors of grownups we have to be after actuating schemes which show learners the relationship between preparation and an expected publicity. 4. Giving Feedback â€Å" The old expression that pattern makes perfect is non true. But it is true to state that it is pattern the consequences of which are known which makes perfect. † ( F.C. Barlett ) Feedback, unfavorable judgment, praising and noticing are really of import in the instruction procedure. Teaching grownups is complicated because of the trouble of knocking. There are two unsafe: giving feedback in the incorrect manner and non giving plenty. Without proper feedback the learner public presentation can non better. If public presentation can non better, all scholars rapidly loose their involvement. Good feedback is one of the basic wagess of acquisition and critical portion of the learning rhythm goes like this: In comparing with kids and teens, grownups find it harder to acknowledge that they have made a error, and it is harder for them to unlearn it. The same error can be repeated once more hence is of import to give feedback instantly or every bit shortly as possible. The job is non merely to rectify mistakes made on the topographic point, but to happen out some basic misinterpretations from the yesteryear, e.g. when we teach grammar, pupils sometimes have no thought what parts of address are. Until all the misinterpretation from the yesteryear are identified, no advancement can be made. A batch of pupils seem it hard to larn the regulations of English spelling decently. It can be a combination of mechanical and psychological grounds. It is peculiarly difficult to rectify once more perennial errors. The solution how to avoid it is bar ; it means make certain that on first juncture of a new piece of larning the grownup gets the right reply – â€Å" right first clip † .[ 3 ] It is frequently said that people learn by doing errors. It is true but we should recognize when measuring that prise make us experience confident, whereas negative unfavorable judgment makes us self-doubting. Good feedback is given quickly, contains encouraging words, gives elaborate remark on each public presentation, praises the good points before knocking the bed, is focused on knocking the public presentation, non the individual, is concentrated on merely a few errors at a clip and is clear. Giving feedback demands accomplishments every bit good as tact. We should make a friendly ambiance for constructive feedback. After giving feedback, we should look into that the scholar has understood the message by inquiring open-ended inquiries. Avoid closed ( yes, no ) inquiries, e.g. Have you understood? It is better to get down inquiries with â€Å" State me † , â€Å" How † , or â€Å" Why † . Finally, a batch of instructors overestimate the measure of feedback they give. To avoid it, seek to happen ways to offer every scholar some feedback in every lesson. As instructors of grownups we should understate the bed consequence of unfavorable judgment although there are a batch of possibilities for misinterpretation because without feedback pupils can non larn and instructors do non learn. 5. Function of the Teacher â€Å" When the pupil is ready, the instructor appears † ( a Buddhist adage ) As we said in one of old chapter, a batch of big pupils can experience dying when they go back to school after a few old ages being out of the schoolroom. Our occupation as a instructor of grownup pupils is to be positive, friendly and encouraging. Patients help excessively. It is sometimes of import to cognize that older pupils need more clip to react if we ask a inquiry. Promote your pupils to utilize their ain life experience in the acquisition procedure excessively. As instructor we should understate the carnival of failure and the bad consequence of past acquisition experiences by offering activities which are accomplishable for our pupils and correspond to their degree. Not merely pupils can hold some concerns. There can be a job for some instructors and it is age. School instructors are ever older than their students and have the advantages of longer instruction. Not so instructors of grownups. They can be younger than their pupils and may even be less intelligent. It is right to hold some concerns about a new group of pupils, but both the job and the solution are in our ain custodies. What makes a good instructor? Effective instructor have these features ( Rogers, 1989 ) : A warm personality – accept all pupils and understand them, be helpful Social skill – ability to link the group together without being dominate Forming ability – disposal is swimmingly handled Skill in descrying and deciding scholar jobs Enthusiasm – a batch of oculus contact, varied voice inflection. Not merely can the personality of a instructor but the leading manner lead to the success or failure of larning. We can separate three different types of leading: dictator, where the leader is rigorous, autocratic, encourages fight and makes all of import determinations himself ; laissez-faire, where the instructor does virtually nil unless he is straight asked a inquiry ; and democratic, where the scholars decide what they will make and the instructor is person who can impact single solutions of jobs. In the group where the instructor behaves magisterially the scholars are submissive and good behaved, but frequently mishear instructions, are competitory, reciprocally belittling and demo marks of aggression and tend to abandon work when the instructor leaves the room. On the contrary, the individualistic group does about nil whether or non the instructor is present. Under democratic leading the scholars work good together without carnival of one surpassing the other. There occur smal l tenseness or aggression and the impermanent absence of the instructor make no alterations in the sum of work the scholars do.[ 4 ] It is clear that creativeness is more bucked up in groups where the instructor does non rule. There can develop pleasant societal relationships, more pupils talk to one another and esteem each other. On the other manus, dominant, aloof, autocratic instructors tend to bring forth either really hostile or subdued group of scholars who are individualists and do non desire to co-operate. 6. Teaching Schemes Any activity that gets pupils involved is really utile and makes the learning experimental. This includes e.g. little group treatments, function drama, composing or pulling something specific, skits etc. Activities that involve acquiring up and traveling approximately can besides maintain pupils energized. Try to utilize a assortment of learning stuffs and methods and do non bury single differences of your pupils ( differences in manner, clip, types and gait of larning ) . It is known that single differences addition with age. Take into history that your pupils have a batch of life experience which they can convey to the schoolroom, supply them every bit much chances for duologue as possible and ask open-ended inquiries so that they can utilize their cognition and experience. Treat all inquiries and remarks with regard. State your pupils the outlooks of the instruction procedure and familiarise them with the course of study, but do non be disappointed when they do non wholly agree wi th your program. You can discourse it together and do some alterations in conformity with the demands of your pupils. They can assist you to plan the acquisition procedure. Because grownup pupils are jobs centred, allow them cognize how the freshly acquired cognition can be applied to current jobs or state of affairss. As a instructor you should equilibrate between presentation of new stuff, treatment and engagement among pupils and your class program. Teaching schemes for grownups are more effectual if it is learner-centred than instructor-centred.[ 5 ] By utilizing combinations of grownup scholar techniques and schemes, Extension pedagogues can make preparation experiences that will heighten the acquisition of participants. When grownups participate in a positive acquisition experience, they are more likely to retain what they have learned and use it in their work environment. 6.1. Lectures and Presentations Lectures and presentations are the most common instruction methods in big instruction. They are sometimes referred to as an economic manner of learning because they do non necessitate about any technician or administrative support. As a instructor usage these methods exhaustively. First, maintain them short. Lectures should take 15 or 20 proceedingss and bound for presentation is even shorter, five proceedingss. Second, your talk should hold a clear beginning, center and terminal ; it means that it is clear to your pupils and if it is clear defined, it can assist pupils to cognize what the aims are before get downing. This techniques has o batch of possibilities how to be used. You can present short intensive presentation which is followed by practising. You can instantly see if your pupils understood your talk. Adults learn best through engagement and activity, so your talk or presentation can be interspersed with group treatment, single undertakings, and audio-visual stuff. In the talks or presentations try to maintain to simple chief points. A batch of grownup pupils need to hold a written support of a new piece of larning but it is known that grownups do non take notes really frequently. Making notes during presentation can be a recreation from understanding therefore it is better to teach your pupils non to compose merely listen to you. Fix well-designed printed press releases for them, non really long because it could deter your pupils from reading it. It is better to administer press releases after a talk than earlier ; it is less deflecting. If you are showing, be certain that all scholars are able to see from your point of position. If the presentations are seen from the forepart, the pupil must mentally change by reversal all the procedures. In general, talks and presentations are likely best used in short subdivisions, with frequent resort to treatment, single pattern, undertaking work etc. 6.2. Role – drama, Simulation and Games Simulation, role- drama and games play similar functions in linguistic communication instruction. They are seen as ways of bridging the spread between the schoolroom and the existent word. These activities offer a assortment of ways how to do the acquisition procedure more interesting, disputing and lively. As we said in earlier chapters, grownups need to avoid being told how to make something, they need to seek it out for themselves. Role-playing refers to the changing of one ‘s behavior to presume a function. It is any speech production activity when you either set yourself into person else ‘s places ( The President, a millionaire, a dad star etc. ) , or when you stay in your ain places but set yourself into an fanciful state of affairs ( ‘At the eating house ‘ , ‘Checking in at the airdrome ‘ etc. ) Role-playing is proposed as an ideal technique to learn linguistic communication because it prepares scholars for the unpredictable nature of real-life communicating, Teachs appropriate linguistic communication usage, and boosts assurance. Learning takes topographic point when activities are prosecuting and memorable. It is ever better to convey state of affairss to life and maintain them existent and relevant. We should utilize the role-play for the undermentioned grounds ( Harmer, 1989 ) : It ‘s merriment and motivation. Quieter pupils get the opportunity to show themselves in a more blunt manner. The universe of the schoolroom is broadened to include the outside universe – therefore offering a much wider scope of linguistic communication chances. Some function playing is simple and does non necessitate any particular readying. It is a normal extension of work done rehearsing duologues and drills ; on the other manus, function drama can be prepared in advanced when the instructor sets up the scene. The stuff must be relevant, brief and believable. Once you have selected a suited function drama, predict the linguistic communication needed for it. It is recommended to present any new vocabulary before the function drama. After the function drama is finished, pass some clip on debriefing. This does non intend indicating out and rectifying errors. It is the procedure of debriefing which helps do the acquisition points. After the function drama, the pupils are satisfied with themselves ; they feel that they have used their cognition of the linguistic communication for something utile. This feeling of satisfaction will vanish if every error is analyzed. It might besides do the pupils less confident and less willing to make the other function dramas. Ask your pupils sentiment about the role-play, e.g. : What did you believe of the manner you handled X? How did it compare with the manner you deal with this in existent life? The purpose is to discourse what has happened in the function and what they have learned. Finally, do non bury to thank and praise the participants for their attempts. Example of function drama: We can play the picture where the characters are making something. The pupils watch it and so can reiterate some duologues. Then the instructor divides pupils into groups and they play the characters from the film dawdler, but extend the duologues harmonizing to their ain phantasy. After rectification and treatment they play the same scene once more. Simulation is defined as a world of map in a fake and structured environment. A simulation has three features: A world of map which means the participants in a simulation must step inside the function they have accepted and act consequently. A fake environment where there is no contact with the existent universe. A structured environment where the participants have all the facts and information provided for them.[ 6 ] Simulations have been used in many countries of preparation and instruction, such as the ground forces or in concern surveies. But in whatever country, linguistic communication is the tool used for communicating and Jones claim that simulation and linguistic communication are â€Å" virtually inseparable † . Simulation in ELT motivates scholars because simulation activities give them a opportunity to be involved in linguistic communication usage. It allows everyone to take part and even when errors are made, the instructor does non interfere. It gives chance for meaningful pattern of linguistic communication because most simulations involve interaction, either verbal or non-verbal, in spoken or written signifier. Well – planned simulations that are relevant to the scholars will surely promote earners to desire to finish the undertakings. The realistic ambiance in simulation is achieved through the careful readying of the stimulus stuff. Students take functions where the y behave as people in a wider assortment state of affairss which are close to existent life. Simulation encourages creativeness although it begins with information given to scholars. They need to be clever to bring forth the thought and to finish the simulation. Example of simulation: Title: To do a command 5 participants ( each pupil is given a function card with some information about a function and with counsel what to make: Finance Manager, Factory Manager, Gross saless Manager, Office Manager, and Director ) Situation: The company is doing available RM 10A 000 for upgrading merely one of the four sections. Each section is under the leading of a director ( as in the above ) . Each section is allowed to do a command for the amount of money saying the ground the money is needed. The Director will so make up one’s mind the successful bidder. Language maps: Explaining, justifying, supporting, opposing. Time: 1 hr lesson Students are divided in groups of 5. At the terminal of the lesson, the Director studies on the determination for each group. Games Not merely do many grownups enjoy games, but linguistic communication games really accelerate larning in a figure of ways. It is perfectly critical that big pupils know why they are utilizing a peculiar game, what specific mark grammar or vocabulary are they rehearsing, or what accomplishment are they reenforcing by utilizing the game. If pupils know and understand why they are making a peculiar activity they will be much more inclined to collaborate and bask the acquisition. Learning through merriment activities relaxes pupils and makes the schoolroom atmosphere much more supportive for scholars. Using adequate assortment in the type of activity or game will convey all four acquisition manners into drama: auditory, ocular and kinesthetic. Using games allows your pupils to acquire the most out of lesson clip, by passing it talking English. There are some links where you can happen a batch of games for grownup English scholars: www.teachingenglishgames.com www.ELTgames.com The of import advantage of all above mentioned activities is that they are wholly active methods of larning. Another benefit is that their existent value is frequently in the societal accomplishments they teach. 6.3. Undertaking Work â€Å" State me and I forget. Show me and I remember. Involve me and I understand † ( Chinese adage ) Undertaking work is a agency of communicating and enjoyment based on the combination of theory and pattern. A undertaking is an drawn-out piece of work on a peculiar subject where the content and the presentation are determined chiefly by the scholars. Students work in groups to work out disputing jobs that are reliable and frequently interdisciplinary. Learners decide how to near a job and what activities to prosecute. It can be used at every degree from absolute novice to progress. There can be involved all scholars mixed in ability, assurance and experience. The undertakings are really originative. The writers of the undertakings gather information from a assortment of beginnings and synthesise, analyze, and derive cognition from it and so set all the parts together to organize a consistent presentation. It is based on studentsA? demands and involvements. The instructor ‘s function is to steer and rede, instead than to direct and pull off pupil work. How to get down? Teach your pupils how to make undertaking work. Get down with concrete, small-scale activities. Decide the presentation signifier and the standards for its rating. Undertakings need to be seen or read so be after the last undertaking session as a presentation. Types of undertakings: Production undertaking Performance undertaking Collection undertakings Informational undertakings Orientation undertakings Social public assistance undertakings. Each undertaking needs to be evaluated. You can utilize a simple undertaking rating study, which remarks on facets of the undertaking such as content, design, linguistic communication work and besides evaluates the unwritten presentation phase of the undertaking. It can be discussed with all pupils from the category or group. Advantages of undertaking work are: It increases motive because all scholars are personally involved All four accomplishments – reading, composing, listening and talking are integrated Learning outcome – pupils have an concluding merchandise Undertaking is an reliable undertaking and therefore the linguistic communication input is more reliable There are developed interpersonal dealingss through working in a group It is learner centred – contend and methodological analysis can be decided between the scholars and the instructor A interruption from everyday.[ 7 ] 6.4. Discussion Discussion is the prototypic learning method for active acquisition because it encourages pupils to detect solutions and develop critical thought abilities. . Discussion allows scholars to be active and experience personal contact. During treatment all participants speak to each other, explore, exchange positions, and larn from each other, pupils from instructor, instructor from pupils. Discussion is a state of affairs where pupils and instructor can and make do an unfastened, equal and personal response to a book, current societal job, manner, movies, political relations etc. which needs reading to take it beyond a factual statement. In a good treatment most members of the group experience willing able to talk when appropriate. Even in group where everybody contributes, there will be people who talk more than others. Dominant members of groups are frequently able and energetic people, whose enterprise can be used for other group members, either in the thoughts they contribute to gen eral treatment, or in some particular assignments, excess research or short talks they can set about. Silent member or people who speak seldom in a treatment can be soundless as a manner of demoing disapproval of what the remainder of group are stating or they can be diffident, diffident or lazy or because they prefer to listen to other people instead than to speak themselves. Problems of over-dominant and excessively soundless pupils can be solved by dividing the group into smaller groups for some portion of the category clip. Peoples who ne’er speak in the big group can state a batch in the smaller 1. Before treatment you can promote your pupil to fix for it. They can believe about a subject, read some stuffs and write notes and remarks. It is normal that for the first twosome of proceedingss the treatment is slow and hard to pull off, but if your pupils are prepared for it and you create a friendly atmosphere it can shortly warm up. If your purpose is a treatment which involves everyone, it is of import to run chairs in a circle, as that is the lone manner people can see or turn to each other easy than in sitting lecture- manner in consecutive lines.[ 8 ] Decision In decision, learning grownups should be different from learning kids and striplings. As we said, instructors of grownups should utilize a different manner of learning which is based on the theory of andragogy which suggest that grownups expect learner – centred scenes where they can find their ain ends and form their acquisition harmonizing to their present life demands. The learning techniques should be chosen with respect to demands of all scholars. We should see what attack and methods seem to be appropriate for our pupils. We have to esteem our pupils different larning manners, we should promote them, actuate them and give them a proper feedback. When our pupils know that the instruction procedure benefits them pragmatically, they will execute better, and the benefits will be longer enduring. Good instructors of grownups take all of these factors into history. Beyond learning your topic, you have the chance to animate assurance and passion in another human being. This is your challenge as a instructor of grownups. How to cite The Characteristics Of Adult Learners Education Essay, Essay examples

Pros and Cons of Exporting to a Regionally Integrated Market free essay sample

Since the main Justification behind regional trade agreement is in the best interest of the regional members and at the expense of diverting trades from third party countries. In another word, very few advantages can be found from an exporters point of view, not to mention a great deal of stumbling blocks in terms of government protectionism for the better soundness of EUS internal trade. Countries like EIJ are very regionally economically integrated in that there are strong economic union as well as political integration, especially in terms of trade. As a esult, EIJ will very much benefit from its regionalism from the reduction of tariff and non-tariff barriers that are only enjoyed by member states. Certainly its more profitable to expand our market, especially in big country like France, however the drawbacks outweigh extensively in that our competitive advantages will be easily offset by the internal reduction of barriers in EIJ honey manufacturing industry, consequently leaving us very little profit margin. We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Exporting to a Regionally Integrated Market or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Besides the fact the sales might shoot up in the short term, there are almost no pros but cons in exporting to ELI, including a lengthy due- processes, no advantages ompare to EIJ members and great degree of country and economic risks. France is the second biggest member in EIJ in terms of honey consumptions. It will certainly account for a major proportion of our production outsource. This will largely increase our sales revenue as well as the economy of scale to expand the company. Moreover, when penetrating regional integrated market like France, its likely our company will be subsidized by government which is critical in logistic and country risk cost cutting. However, prior to entering, EIJ firstly has laid down extensive and lengthy legislation pplying to the EIJ import of honey intended for human consumption Before an EIJ buyer places an order, he needs to be sure your honey complies with the EIJ requirements and his own quality demands. U buyers will theretore require documentation on chemical analyses of each batch of honey. Most EIJ honey importers make use of the internationally acknowledged chemical laboratory on honey, Applica, to perform analyses (CBI, March, 2008) Along with the import license acquisition, it requires extremely long due-process and in turn increasing our inventory storage cost. Secondly, with regional free trade, roduction shifts toward the most efficient manufacturers of honey within the RTA. The fact that they retaining barriers to trade with nonmembers deprives our cost leadership and consumers will never consider our honey when there are cheaper options elsewhere. Lastly, highly integrated RTA in EIJ also reflects a strong economic union that readily affects France, which makes Frances economic and cultural prospects very volatile to predict and understand since the internal members are very inter-related particularly when theres an economic recession, for instance the ecent contagion of Greek debt crisis towards EIJ.