Hebrews essay 3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hebrews 3 - Essay Example Priesthood is relevant to a better covenant and a better relationship with God. Jesus brought forth a new covenant doing away with the old covenant. From doing so, Hebrews believe that they will have a stellar relationship with God by following Jesus & his new covenant (Douglas 48). The belief regarding Hebrews believing that following Jesus as the new covenant will lead to a better working relationship with God and fellow men. As such, it is only with probable cause that the author explains how such a faith in Jesus shows his authority and superiority. Upon believing in the new covenant, a Hebrew believes there is no need for the old covenant. Not only religion-wise but also custom wise where traditional practices in the old covenant like circumcision, various rituals, festivals & Sabbaths were refused hence spiritually held no merit. Christianity circumnavigates around the fact that Jesus is their true path to God. The title that Jesus holds as the high priest clothed with holiness, blamelessness, pure and holy constitutes the major requirements that a Christian needs. Notably so, Christians to accept Jesus and follow his ways shows his superiority as a leader & figurehead in the church (Douglas 48). Clergymen in the Old Testament had to create sin forfeit every day, displaying that the ultimate remedy had not arrived yet. The arrival of Jesus Christ was so efficient relevant to meeting the requirements of the church. The arrival of Jesus ensured that the church implemented policies that only glorified God and that idol worship was refused and rebuked. In order to fully implement this, Jesus gave instructions to the Levitical priests to offer sacrifices & offerings to God as a sign of worshiping him. As a sign of portraying the significance of offering sacrifices to God, Jesus offered himself as a sign of obedience to God & sacrificing himself for his people. He offered

Please write a thoughtful response to one or more of the readings Essay

Please write a thoughtful response to one or more of the readings - Essay Example When the swordfish started attacking and killing the people of Singapore, Sultan Padouka Sri Maharadja became utterly devastated and hopeless. He did not know how to stop the mysterious swordfish attack. His first response was to use his soldiers as barricades against the attacking swordfishes. But this strategy seems so inhumane. So a young boy suggested using banana trees as barricades. The sultan accepted the suggestion and it proved to be a wise decision. The swordfishes attacked the banana trunks, and because these trunks were solid the people were eventually protected from the swordfishes’ deadly attacks. Fortunately, the swordfishes were not merely stopped, but their long snouts were also stuck in the banana trunks. The numerous swordfishes that were caught provided food for the people. On the surface, the story seems to promote wisdom and cooperation. The swordfish attack was successfully halted due to a young boy’s wisdom and the people’s cooperation. However, the story has an underlying moral message: valuing nature and other creatures of the earth. Asians, especially ethnic groups, are environmentalists by heart. The story expresses resistance to irresponsible fishing. The angry swordfishes symbolize how nature would take revenge if people do not change their attitude toward other creatures of the planet. It shows that the damages we do to the environment will return to us tenfold; it could be even lethal. The young boy’s suggestion, on the other hand, symbolizes effective ways of taking care of the environment. Our concern for the environment will definitely pay off in the end, just like how the swordfishes became a constant food supply for the people of Singapore. The second story, Kancil and Sang Buwaya, is a fable about wisdom, or, more specifically, shrewdness. Kancil, a mouse deer, usually goes to the river to drink. However, Sang Buwaya, a crocodile, wants to eat Kancil. And so the poor mouse deer has to

The Many Ways To Be Polite

The Many Ways To Be Polite Politeness is the actions taken by a competent speaker in a community in order to attend to possible social or interpersonal disturbance. Politeness is something strange which can be seen in different forms and levels. What is polite and what not depends on where you grew up and what norms of politeness you acquired there ( Meyerhoff 2006: 81). In a conversation a speaker might say something that would be considered very rude by the listener, but that speaker might actually just trying to be polite. He was being polite according to the standards of where he grew up. So, politeness is expressed in different ways, in different places. In this essay, we will see the different forms and levels of politeness and how these forms attend to different social needs. Also we will look at examples of the different forms that requests and apologies can take. We will explore how useful is distinguishing between the politeness which is used between friends and with people that we are not very familiar with. Then we will briefly discuss about the frameworks of politeness that are used in a workplace interaction and intercultural communication. All these phenomenon of politeness will be discussed in this paper with consideration of Brown and Levinsons theory (1978) in order to illustrate how there is more than one way of being polite. According to Meyerhoff (2006) there are a number of different ways in which linguists can analyse politeness. The various approaches differ primarily in the emphasis placed on the speaker, the addressee or both, and the emphasis given to accounting for behavior that would be considered polite or behavior that would be considered impolite (p. 83). The most widely known and extensively used approach to the study of politeness is Brown and Levinsons theory which has the most dominant position in the field.People associate politeness just with ways of speaking that avoid causing offence by showing deference to another person. (Meyerhoff 2006: 84). Brown and Levinson (1978) state that deference would be inappropriate in any speech community, in some contexts. Comments that orient to in-group membership may be what starts an interaction and avoid causing offence. For example you do not always reply thank you so much when someone helps you, cheers or thanks works better. Extreme deference c ould be taken as ironic or snobbish. Now, before continuing in more depth with Brown and Levinsons theory, it is useful to refer to Grices Maxims (1975), a set of rules that people follow in communication to maintain participant harmony. Brown and Levinsons theory suggests that these four Grices principles for speaking in a cooperative way, were correct. These rules can be summed up as the Maxim of quality where a person should be truthful and sincere, the Maxim of quantity: a person must say no more or less than required, the Maxim of relevance: being relevant to that topic and the Maxim of manner: being perspicuous. All of which underpins and is underpinned by the idea that the people involved in a conversation will cooperate with each other (the cooperative principle). These four principles are not considered to be a theory of face but constitute a foundation for a theory of face, later developed by Brown and Levinson. (Adapted for Brown and Levinson 1978:95 ) The theory of Brown and Levinson suggests that there are two types of politeness. The negative politeness strategies which are the strategies that avoid offence by showing deference (e.g. Do you mind if I borrow it for a second?) and the positive politeness strategies are those that avoid offence by highlighting friendliness (e.g. You look fit and healthy-any chance you could help me push the car?). Also, considering a strategy to be polite or impolite depends on the attention that a speaker pays to his own face wants and the addressees face wants. The term face derives from the work of Goffman (1967). In Goffmans work, face was a personal attribute or quality that each of us works to protect or enhance. In Brown and Levinson the definition of face emphasises less that interpersonal and communal nature of the face wants. Face is the public self-image that every model person (MP) claims for him or herself. Brown and Levinson propose that we want to guard our face against possible dama ge when we interact with others. (Meyerhoff 2006: 84) Now, it is important to refer to the factors involved in choosing politeness strategies. Choosing what kinds of strategies would be polite or impolite in a situation depends on evaluating three main factors. Power, distance and weight (cost) of imposition were identified by Brown and Levinson. Power refers to the difference in status between participants in discourse, distance relates to the level of familiarity that exists between the speaker and the addressee, and weight of imposition relates to the extent to which one wishes to impose on another person. People often put more effort to be polite to people that their position have greater social power than we have. For example I will use more negative politeness strategies (more polite) to a government official processing a passport application than I will use (less polite) to a telemarketer who rings during dinner. This has to do with power because I want the government official to do me a favor and speed up my application as for the telemarketer, he needs something from me so I am the one with power. Also, the social distance between speakers has a huge effect on the way that they speak to each other. Generally, we give more attention to the negative face wants (more polite) of people we do not know very well and we are more abrupt to close friends. For example when you are cooking with a close friend you might say Youve got the butter instead of I think the butter is closer to you that it is to me so could you pass it to me. But, when working with someone that you are not very close you might ask in less direct way, showing more attention to their negative face wants, you might say something like Excuse me, are those the telephone accounts? Could I have them for a second? . The cost of imposition, according to Brown and Levinson meant how big the social infraction is. An example is when you ask someone for the time, which is considered as a situation with a minor imposition, you can a stranger in the road for the time and the politeness strategies pay little attention to face wants (Sorry do you have the time?). But, asking for money is greater imposition. You usually ask for money someone you are close to and if the amount is big you will probably ask someone who is even closer to you, like a very close friend. Under this framework there are three social variables which shape the way that people choose the politeness strategies they will use.Their attention to others positive and negative face wants will be determined by the relative power and social of the interactants and by the social lost of the imposition (Meyerhoff 2006: 88). These three factors are by no means independent. Earlier, I referred to the two types of politeness and the term face. Actually, there are two types of politeness because we are concerned with maintaining two distinct kinds of face, the negative and the positive face. The negative face is the want of every competent adult member of a community that their actions be unimpeded by others. The positive face is the want of every member that their wants be desirable to at least some others. (Brown and Levinson 1987:62 in Meyerhoff 2006: 85). Some societies orientate more towards deference and being attentive to negative face wants. In such societies it seems very rude to ignore the distance that might be between you and your addressee and talk as if you know her or him better than you do. A Language example is Forgive me, Ms Smith, I do apologise, but could I possibly intrude for a second. In this sentence the title Ms shows deference politeness and distance attending to negative face. Forgive me and I do apologise try to reduce the imposition of the request and attends to negative face. A further attempt to reduce the cost of imposition is could I, possibly and a second. In contrast, there are societies which orientate towards positive face. The interaction between strangers is expected to be more personable and friendly. In these societies it is rude to interact by emphasizing or drawing attention to the social distance between the interlocutors. Such a society is the Australians, where the use of first names is the norm even in professional contexts. A language example of such a society is a greeting to an old friend that you have not seen for some time e.g. Tapper! Its been ages. Youre looking good. Whatve you been doing nowadays?. In this greeting the use of ingroup code (the nickname Tapper), showing attention to the addressees interests (Whatve you been doing nowadays?) and exaggerating the speakers interest or approval (Youre looking good) are strategies that attend to the addressees positive face wants. Brown and Levinson suggest that some conversational events which represent a threat to another individuals self-image are described as inherently facethreating acts (FTAs). When such an event occurs it is sure that somebodys positive or negative face wants will be threatened, and the participants have to decide what politeness strategies they will use. Examples of FTAs are expressing thanks and making an apology, these are threats to the speakers face wants. Saying thanks establishes indebtedness to the other person. Making an apology is having to state publicly that you have done something stupid or unkind, this threatens your positive face wants as other people may not identify you and will be unwilling to suggest that they share your wants and desires. So depending on how serious an FTA is it will require more or less action to mitigate (or reduce) the potential damage to the addressees or the speakers face. (Meyerhoff 2006: 90). As I said in the introduction I will also briefly discuss about the frameworks of politeness which are used in intercultural communication. Peoples use of politeness varies in intercultural communication depending on where they come from and how their societies orientate towards politeness. An example of such differences is when making a request for a drink in a bar in English and doing the same in German. In English you usually use strategies to attend the addressees negative face wants. (Could I have a glass of red wine, please?). But, in German there is not such an attention to the servers negative face wants and it is appropriate to say I will get red wine. Sometimes a could or please may be added but using both will sound absurd and snooty. (Meyerhoff 2006: 97). Another example is how people refuse an invitation to a meal from a social superior. In some cultures a general answer like Im busy that night Im afraid will be perfectly acceptable but in western communities people want to give a reason for your refusal. (Holmes 2001: 275). This has to do with peoples negative and positive face wants. People from western communities are more concerned about their positive face, they want their wants to be desirable to at least some others and they do not like drawing attention to the social distance. In conclusion, indeed there is more than one way of being polite. As it is presented above, politeness has many forms and levels and can be used in different ways. Politeness is perceived differently depending on where you grew up and your social status so it can be also expressed differently. People use different strategies to express politeness in a conversation depending on who is the addressee, what is his social status and how close they are to him. According to Brown and Levinsons theory there are two basic strategies, the positive and the negative strategy. These two strategies exist because we are concerned to maintain two kinds of face, the negative and positive face. People have to evaluate three factors in order to decide what strategies they will use, power, distance and cost of the imposition.

Old Memories :: essays papers

Old Memories "I put your red sweater under your flannel shirt. The red one is warmer than the gray one so wear it when the temperature gets low. Inside the black plastic bag is some medicine. These are for cold and flu. Take them when you don't feel well. If you start coughing, take those green capsules plus one of these yellow antibiotics. Remember, just one. They are really strong. Don't take those white tablets during the day because they make you feel drowsy. But if you . . . " â€Å"Mom, I know, I know," I said impatiently. It was August 2000, a few days before I left home for college. Mom tried to squeeze everything that I might need into the boxes she took from Safeway. I watched her putting things in, taking them out, and then putting them back again to make sure that things stacked on one another as perfectly as the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. Finally she was convinced that no one could squeeze even one more molecule into any of the boxes, and she looked satisfied. My things stuck o ut of the top like the stomach of a three-hundred pound beer drinker. The picture of things jumping out like Jack in the box when I opened the boxes ran through my mind quickly like a five-second cartoon. "I am not going to take those with me," I thought. In my mind, I was thinking about how those people in the PBS travel programs always fascinated me. I often imagined myself traveling in different countries with a single backpack hanging on my back that showed so much carefree leisure and mature independence. I could sleep in a park or in a subway station because a true traveler could feel at home anywhere. The idea of carrying some awkward luggage simply did not appeal to me. I also thought she worried too much. After all, I was eighteen years old and already graduated from high school. I had learned many things from books and I knew how to deal with different people. Her "you-are-still-a-little-girl" tone sometimes irritated me, and her doubt of my ability made me more eager to prove myself. Therefore with much confidence I left, like a young b ird flying from the nest, without even looking back at its aging parents.

Customer Satisfaction and Quality Care Essay

What started out as a community hospital has grew over the past 50 years into a healthcare organization comprising of seven distinct units helping 300,000 people every year. Such development and growth has been motivated by one reason taking care of the people that call Houston County and nearby peoples home. Houston Medical Center is a typical hospital in Warner Robins, GA, and has 237 beds. The most recent statistics study reveals that 67,439 patients stopped at the hospital’s emergency room, there were 14,179 patients admitted to admissions 1,987 inpatient surgeries and 9,816 outpatient surgeries. While the additional facts of the quality care report the requirements of the hospital, physician, and customer, the patient’s demand to be heard is overcome by a measurement of satisfaction. Frequently, the information collected from the surveys is beneficial for the hospital to measure itself and its accomplishment in keeping a minimum standard of care and sustaining the customer’s needs. 33 Studies have shown that each patient who is dissatisfied will inform up to ten other people of this dissatisfaction (Sitzia & Wood 1997). For instance let’s say with the information given on the percentage of dissatisfaction of patients not being explained what the medicine is they are taking that patient could say that he was given the wrong medication because you have not told him the medication he is taking. I am quite sure this type of dissatisfaction could lead to a lawsuit. Three barriers that existed at Houston Medical Center were the time they had to wait to receive help, explanation of medicine not given before given to patient to take, and the rooms and bathrooms were not as clean as they should be. These three barriers could have a huge significance on the facility. These barriers I am sure impacted the customer satisfaction at Houston Medical Center. The barriers affected whether or not the patient would return to the center due to the facility not being clean, poor communication, and the wait time. All these factors would make a patient skeptical about returning to the center. One tool Houston Medical Center  could have used to study a process barrier related to customer-satisfaction would be the Pareto diagrams or charts. This tool could be used to monitor when the bathrooms were cleaned, patient arrival time and wait time, and also to record the medication given to the pati ent allowing the nurse to at the time of giving medication to explain what the medication is for. References Sitzia J, Wood N. Patient satisfaction: A review of issues and concepts. Social Science & Medicine. 1997; 45:1829–1843.

Being Single Today Final

I strongly believe that being a single person is easier and carries fewer stigmas than it was 10 years ago. The Census Bureau reported last year that approximately 97 million Americans above 18 years were single with most of them having never married before. People have whole-heartedly embraced single hood way of life as normal. The initial tradition of women thinking marriage immediately after college has been abolished. Although most single people above 18 years look forward to marriage at a certain point in their lives, this does not hinder them from working hard to achieve in life.The effects of everyday wedding celebrations and the many dating sites have received neutral effects on most youth. (Sharon, pp 98) Happiness has proved to be acquired or created and traditional way of doing things and defining happiness has changed. I am single at 20 and happy. People have accepted the single way of life and the stigma attached to it is declining. There has emerged alternative ways of leading better single life. Perception about single hood way of life has changed to be more accommodative. Society is slowly recognizing the needs of the single people who were initially not excluded in work policies and tax codes.Books are published to enlighten the single on how they can be happy despite their single status. Such books include: Better Single than Sorry, A No Regret Guide to Loving Yourself and Never Settling. Such books encourage the single people (Sharon, pp 99) Single people can enjoy their life and maximize their happiness even when they are alone. In restaurant, parties and movies they can have fun by concentrating on themselves and the activities carried out at the respective places. Even in wedding parties one can socialize with people present and celebrate the day’s activity without thinking about relationship.(Jennifer, pp 110) Relationships are not working out nowadays, people are getting married today and divorcing tomorrow. This has made people s hy away from marriages or relationship. Some are worried about finding the right partner and have ended up staying single for longer. As more women are gaining education and staying and striving to achieve more in their career goals they are forfeiting traditional rules non relationships /marriage and motherhood (Jessica Yellin pg 108) I believe being single has more benefits or advantages than when in a relationships.Most of my friends share this conviction. People have different moodiness and emotional changes. If one is in a relationship one has to cope up with the other person’s feelings. The baggage of tolerating another person’s feelings is out of the question in the single hood way of life. http://www. aretax. furniture. com/article/article4. doc An old friend once collapsed and on rushing her to the hospital she had a feeding disorder. It was to our great astonishment that she had foregone meals for a couple of days in trying to cut weight as her spouse always complained she was growing fat.Such problems are hard to be encountered by the single people. One is able to appreciate one’s self and does not have to go overboard to simply please a partner. I believe single hood way of life will improve an individual’s personality. It can help one become a well-rounded person as one’s free time can be used in having fun as well as acquiring skills beneficial to the individual. It enhances independence a value that is envied by many. Instead of searching for friends to hand out with that time can be used in productive activities that will go a long way in ensuring their self-improvement.Recently, a woman took his husband to court over their finances. The lady was financially stable, a good job, house and care. Her family was also of a higher status socially. The husband was accused of misusing the wife’s finances. I just stopped and wondered where one’s independence goes on getting into relationships. One doesnâ €™t have control of his or her own finances. I think such problems would not arise if one chooses a single way of life, as they would have complete monitoring of what is their own. I went picking my cousin one day, as there was a movie to watch.Everyone was talking about it and it was a must watch. The disappointment on my face cannot be explained when she told me that the boyfriend was coming over and they were going to watch a football match. I pitied her since I knew very well she doesn’t like football. Is it this slavery? One doesn’t have for activities that they please with a single hood way of life one has the time to spend with their friends and don’t have to sacrifice what is meaningful to them (http://www. avetexfurniture. com/article/article4. doc)I wonder how I would deal with irritating habits of a partner. I agree nature has it that all people are different. Everyone is unique in his or her own ways. There are those who snore and those who do no t? Compatibility of divergent personalities could be difficult. For instance, I would not sleep peacefully when someone is snoring next to me. My single hood way of life eliminates such worries. I do not have to worry or deal with someone else’s personal habits that are unacceptable or irritating to me. I have seen couples break up due to very trivial issues.Trivial they may appear to me, but the involved parties handle them with a lot of intensity. A lady broke up with her boyfriend of six years simply because she bought a car without his consent. I wondered aloud don’t rights and independence exist anymore? Must I seek for another person’s point of view before responding to issues that affect me or must I seek another person’s consent before doing anything? Single people do not have to undergo such problems. They can spontaneously decide on the course of action to be taken in responding to any issue.Freedom of choice is best exercised when one is single than when one is in a relationship or is married. (http://www. avetexfurniture. com/article/article4. doc ) Relationship demand time and resources. People in relationships buy each other presents or gifts, which cost money. Treats also involve finances. To flourish parties involved must spend ample time together; this is not the case for the singles. The time they would have spent together is used more productive activities like mounding one’s career. Efforts are channeled towards career growth and development.Most single people develop their career to great heights and are able to raise their social status. Single people do not have to answerable to anyone. They are free to choose the direction of their life without prior consultations. They are masters of their own life and destiny. One doesn’t have to worry of why they interact with, as would be the case in relationships when a man may be offended if his lady interacted well with other gents or vice versa. One is i n a position of expressing their feelings in words without constraints. References: Jennifer Benjamin.How to love your time alone. Even the most social chicks occasionally find themselves flying solo pg. 109-111 http://www. aretexfurniture. com/article/article3. doc Jameson Oliver . 10 benefits of being single http://www. avetexfurniture. com/article/article4. doc Sharon Jayson. Free as a bird and loving it, more Americans are happy to marry later †¦ or not at all. Pg. 98- 99 http://www. avetexfurniture. com/article/article1. doc Jessica Yellin. Single Female and Desperate No More, 2006. pg. 106/108 http://www. avetexfurniture. com/article/article2. doc

artificial creation essays

artificial creation essays The word Artificial, derived from the Latin word artificialis is defined as Made by humans; produced rather than natural. Since the beginning of time man has always been enthralled by a magnificent sight; however what is beautiful to one person may be uncanny to another. This thought can be summed up in one sentence: Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. This saying was formulated many years ago, and it still holds true today. Throughout time, man has striven to find and become beautiful. In the stories of Ovid, Pynchon, Kleist, and Blade Runner, this is the case. In these stories, however, the same concept is presented in the form of a question: Is it acceptable to become beautiful through artificial means? In each of the four stories, the same idea is presented in different contexts. Ovid, Kleist and Blade Runner build figures from the ground up to create what they think to be perfect creatures. Pynchon, however, while still using a form of creation merely re-creates shape s on the face of a young girl to obtain what she thinks is a better suited nose. The only natural creation is Gods. Throughout time, man has striven for perfection. With more and more technological advances, it has become possible to create the person that everyone idolizes. In the case of Pynchon, for instance, a nose job to achieve what Esther believes will make her truly beautiful is the topic. Doctor Shoenmaker, who is performing the surgery, is more than a doctor. The doctor turns a rather normal surgery into some kind of sexual fiesta with perverted antidotes. After achieving what Esther thinks is personal beauty, she willingly gives herself to her creator, Doctor Shoenmaker, in full confidence. Doctor Shoenmaker on the other hand, believes that in turning Esther into what she wants to become, he has now somehow transformed this hideous beast into some kind of beautiful temptress and the she should...

Descriptive Essay Ideas People, Ideas, Objects #038; Much More!

Descriptive Essay Ideas People, Ideas, Objects #038; Much More! In order to be able to write a good descriptive essay – you have to be able to think everything through. From the moment the professor has assigned you a descriptive essay – you have to start thinking on it, and on everything related to it. It does not matter, if the deadline for the descriptive essay is in months – the rule is â€Å"The more you think and plan it – the better it will be†. So if you have already started on planning the descriptive essay – you have to be able to come up with clean, interesting and understandable descriptive essay ideas related to the topic you are given. For some students it may seem unbearable to come up with fresh and unique descriptive essay topics, and these students require quality descriptive essay idea examples, which are listed below: * a person: You can browse through famous people, and maybe describe one of them. It is always interesting to learn more about a specific person, especially, if the facts written about him are new and interesting. Try to think of a famous person you know nothing or very little – and conduct a small research. * a place: You can shock and please your reader with your writing style. If you have great writing skills – you might want to make an accent on them, and by describing a specific place in your descriptive essay you will definitely manage to do that. Simply think of a good place, where you can apply your writing talent, and you are good to go. * a memory: If you are truly a creative person – you can think of an amusing memory you will want to share with the reader. People who succeed in writing a descriptive essay on a memory and can truly depict the events and feelings – can freely become professional writers afterwards. * an experience: If you have experience in education and teaching someone about something you can easily write an experience paper. Just focus on the morale and get into the details as much as possible, just remember not to bore the reader. * an object: By far the most popular topic, as it is easy and convenient. Be careful when describing an object, as you can be easily repeated by another student from the same class. In case you are having problems and difficulties with having your descriptive essay done – you can ask CustomWritings.com for help. We will easy help and provide professional assistance in any topic of an descriptive essay?

Ant and Grasshopper

Subject: Ant And Grasshoper (Must Read) The Ant works hard in the withering heat all summer  building its house and laying up supplies for the winter. The Grasshopper thinks the Ant is a fool and laughs   dances plays the summer away. Come winter, the Ant is warm and well fed. The Grasshopper  has no food or shelter so he dies out in the cold. *Indian Version:**  The Ant works hard in the withering heat all summer  building its house and laying up supplies for the winter. The Grasshopper thinks the Ants a fool and laughs   dances plays the summer away. Come winter, the shivering Grasshopper calls a press  conference and demands to know why the Ant should be allowed to be warm  and well fed while others are cold and starving. NDTV, BBC, CNN show up to provide pictures of the shivering  Grasshopper next to a video of the Ant in his comfortable home with a table  filled with food. The World is stunned by the sharp contrast. How can this be  that this poor Grasshopper is allowed to suffer so? Arundhati Roy stages a demonstration in front of the Ants house. * Medha Patkar goes on a fast along with other Grasshoppersdemanding that Grasshoppers be relocated to warmer climates during winter. Mayawati states this as `injustice done on Minorities. Amnesty International and Koffi Annan criticize the IndianGovernment for not upholding the fundamental rights of the Grasshopper. The Internet is flooded with online petitions seeking support to theGrasshopper (many promising Heaven and Everlasting Peace  for prompt support as against the wrath of God for non-compliance) . Opposition MPs stage a walkout. Left parties call for  Bengal Bandh in West Bengal and Kerala demanding a Judicial Enquiry. CPM in Kerala immediately passes a law preventing Ants from  working hard in the heat so as to bring about equality of poverty among Ants and  Grasshoppers. Lalu Prasad allocates one free coach to Grasshoppers on all Indian Railway  Trains, aptly named as the Grasshopper Rath. Finally, the Judicial Committee drafts the Prevention of Terrorism Against  Grasshoppers Act [POTAGA], with effect from the beginning of the winter. Arjun Singh makes Special Reservation for Grasshoppers in Educational  Institutions in Government Services. The Ant is fined for failing to comply with POTAGA and having nothing leftto pay his retroactive taxes, its home is confiscated by the Government and handed over to the Grasshopper in a ceremony covered by NDTV. Arundhati Roy calls it A Triumph of Justice. Lalu calls it Socialistic Justice . CPM calls it the Revolutionary Resurgence of the Downtrodden Koffi Annan invites the Grasshopper to address the UN General Assembly. **   Many years later. **  The Ant has since migrated to the US and set up a multi-billion dollar company in Silicon Valley, 100s of Grasshoppers still die of starvation despite reservation somewhere in India, AND As a result of loosing lot of hard working Ants and feeding  the grasshoppers,  India is still a developing country. |

Read the story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Read the story - Essay Example According to The Economist (2001), if the giver offered the cash value of the receiver to buy the gift instead of giving the gift itself, the receiver could then purchase what she truly wants, and be happier for no extra cost. The article reached this finding by asking two university students of whether the valued the gift that were offered to them during the past Christmas period. The most conventional approximation put the standard receivers valuation at 90 percent of the buying price (The Economist, 2001). The missing 10 percent is what economists refer to as deadweight loss: a waste of resources, which could be avoided without making anybody worse off. Non-money gifts from extended family members were discovered to be least efficient. The most efficient/appreciated gifts, also those with the least deadweight loss, were considered to be those from close relations and friends, whereas non-cash gifts from normal family members â€Å"extended family† were considered to be the least efficient (The Economist, 2001). As the age disparity between the provider and beneficiary grew, so did the ineffectiveness of the gift. All of which propose what a lot of grandparents discern: when purchasing gifts for an individual with fundamentally unidentified preferences, the best gift is one, which is entirely flexible, such as money cash, or very supple, such as gift vouchers (The Economist, 2001). This article argues that giving a gift of value not only good for the receiver, but the provider, as well. People buy a gift to please the receiver, and when the receiver is pleased, there is a mutual feeling in the giver too. I remember the first time is spent a valentine’s day with my girlfriend that I had to save plenty of cash to get her a pair of doll shoes that she had been admiring a lot. The shoes cost me $60, but the moment I saw the smile in her face when I gave them to her, the amount of money was insignificant. It

The Black Death in Police Custody Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Black Death in Police Custody - Essay Example Deaths in police, prison and psychiatric custody since 1990. The details of deaths of blacks which have taken place in police custody and which have given rise to concern because of unexplained or mysterious circumstances surrounding those deaths and / or allegations of maltreatment, dereliction of duty or brutality have been discussed. The Study will be increasingly contacted by a small but nevertheless disturbing number of families where a relative has died in suspicious circumstances and they are unhappy with the police investigation. Whilst it is not within our remit to provide assistance in such cases we have referred many families to members of our Lawyers group. The police are investigating themselves that makes it very difficult for them to win the trust of the deceased's family, friends and local community. This is particularly the case following a black death in custody, when the police face a black community that already has, as senior police officers acknowledge, a height ened mistrust of the police. Families frequently complain about the length of time that the investigation takes, their lack of involvement in it and, as mentioned earlier, the nature of the questions about the deceased. One major cause of anger for black families following a death in police custody is the misinformation - perhaps more accurately 'spin' - put out in the police's publicity about the circumstances of the death. This misinformation, issued soon after the death, has tended to shape news coverage and wider public perceptions of the causes of a death and seems to be intended to play down the involvement of police officers. Table 1: Deaths in Police Custody 1990-1998 (to July) Source: INQUEST monitoring RTA = Road Traffic Accident For the family of the deceased the inquest is their only opportunity to find out the circumstances of the death. This is particularly important given the lack of prior disclosure of information. However there are a number of serious obstacles in the way of effective representation. For a start not everyone has a family; in some cases there is no one who qualifies as a 'properly interested person' under the Coroners' Rules. There is no legal aid (provision for it was made in the Legal Aid Act 1949 but never brought into force; it was repealed in 1988). In cases where families have had legal advice and representation (often free as there is no legal aid) experienced barristers and solicitors have been able to shed new light on the cause of death. Aim of Research The Study's principal aim is to explore the reasons behind the black deaths in police custody. And there are should be a wide ranging public inquiry into deaths in custody to consider: - to investigate legal processes which follow; - to focus in particular on the treatment of bereaved families; - to address the disproportionate number of black

Correctional philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Correctional philosophy - Essay Example Clearly, the war on drugs has dramatically increased the influx of inmates to the correctional system. Admittedly, stiffer sentences for drug offenders are not an effective way to deal with the problem. Had it been so, the picture would have been different by now. In addition, it is quite expensive to detain all the drug offenders. At present 59% of the jail inmates are drug offenders. Despite all these efforts and expenditure, the amount of drug captured is just 10%, and most of the people arrested on drug charges are just drug users, not drug dealers. That means the dealers and the real culprits manage to evade punishment even now, and government spends lots of money on keeping the drug users in jails. Thus, it is clear that stiffer sentences will not deter drug use in any way. Instead, what is more useful is to focus on education programs through schools and health services. As far as people feel to use drugs, they will find them at any cost and as far as people want them, drug dealers will continue their supply, and no closing up of border will help. So, the best way out is to ca tch people young through schools and other awareness programs, which are less expensive and more

House of cards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

House of cards - Essay Example House of cards is a politically inclined drama television series. Judging by the first episode, the series will be full of manipulation, pragmatism, and twists. This piece is a very elaborate and engaging channel to introduce management principles to neophytes. At random, the average person may deduce management to be the study of managing people. This entails keeping good relationships within an organization: studying people, what makes them tick and what makes them laugh, all in the effort to make them go into the direction you want them to go. After watching one episode, one may realize that while all these elements are present, these are not all there is to management. Management is the art of managing people. It is essential to understand the people in the organization. It is crucial to understand what makes them work and what does not. Identifying these elements enable you to delve deeper into the person, granting you the ability to utilize people to their maximum potential. Frank Underwood is seen to associate and group himself with people who share the same interests: with Zoe Barnes, a vigilant and truth-seeking journalist, and with Catherine Durant, an anti-Walker politician who has her own tricks. These relationships will enable him to achieve his goal, since he has aligned goals with these persons. It is crucial to note that while people have aligned goals at the moment, it may not be so eventually.It is also essential to not only understand, but to establish your relationship with the people in the organization. Doing so grants you knowledge on how you can handle them.

PEST analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

PEST analysis - Essay Example The external environment consists of four main factors, political, economic, social and technological (Dubrin, 2012). These factors are collectively known as PEST. These factors appear as opportunities for the organisation while it is also possible that at certain point in time, they pose threats. The organisations need to keep a constant eye upon these four factors to stay profitable and at times for core survival. The paper discusses about these factors and their influences upon the organisations policies, functions and profitability. Political Aspects of External Environment The political aspect of external environment is related to the government laws, legislations, rules, polices and other international principles that are enforced from time to time. These factors supersede all local and organisational doctrines and every organisation is bound to obey them for its existence (D’Anieri, 2009). The common example of this factor is tariff guidelines, tax rates, employment law s (Collins, 2010) and trade quotas. Every organisation needs to cater for all these points to comply with the regulation. The non-compliance poses the most serious threat and organisations take years to settle the law suits filed against them because of violation of laws. Many government policies are related to foreign direct investment and impose certain restrictions on the ownership rights of the business. Particularly in the Gulf States, ownership of real-estate resources by foreigners is banned. It creates insecurity for the business concerns while they plan to invest in these countries. Another point of concern in this regard is about the balance sheet of the organisation that has strong financial position but cannot own the land and building which automatically decreases their assets side. In the present business era, globalization has removed many barriers and the free movement of capital, goods and labour has become a practice. The employment laws are relaxed about hiring ex patriates and it is increasing the level of diversity in the organisation (Barak, 2011). There are certain Acts which ensure formal protection of employees’ rights. This situation has raised many challenges to the organisations. Ensuring satisfaction of a diverse workforce on the grounds of equitable treatment is not child’s play. Every employee has different needs and it is no surprise that one’s interest harms the benefit of others. The organisations have to ensure that a win-win condition is met all the time (Vent, 2009). There are regulations related to minimum wage which affect the organisations cost structure and in turn the profit margins. There are certain guidelines about employment quota of local and foreign employees, it forces organisations to compromise over the talented pool and hire the one who may not be at par in educational and professional requirements. The political aspects are related with the performance of stock exchange as well. Stock exc hange is the most volatile sector of the economy which is influenced by every news and event in any corner of the world. The riots and political stability in one country negatively affects the market value of the companies which belong to that country no matter they are registered with some international stock exchange like London Stock Exchange or New York Stock Exchange. Economic Aspects of External Environment The affect of economic aspects in the external environment is as evident as the

West Nile Virus Diseases Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

West Nile Virus Diseases - Assignment Example A descriptive study would help one gather data more efficiently since it includes collection of data, occurrence of a disease, its characteristics, number of people affected and their signs & symptoms more accurately. Also, a descriptive study helps a scientist collect data more efficiently when they decide to find out the prevalence of disease in a particular group of people. West Nile Virus starts with fever and might lead to neurological symptoms. Neurological involvement may lead to disabilities and permanent damage to the affected individuals. Also, this disease has caused a certain number of deaths in the USA and its different States which makes it rather important for the government to handle. Educating the people of my state would be the first step in order to control the rate of this disease. Education involves letting the people know about the signs and symptoms of the disease. Letting them know when to contact their local health authorities if they suspect a disease. Also, pest control and educating the people about controlling mosquitos in their homes and use mosquito repellants is necessary since mosquitos are the prime vectors of this disease. The control of this disease on the level of a community can be done only by raising awareness in the people about this disease and its causative factors as well as how the transmission can be controlled. Also, screening the blood of donors in endemic zones should be made necessary to control the disease. The disease in the form of an epidemic can be devastating in a community whereas an endemic disease can be harmful to families too. If the disease progresses to its neuroinvasive stage, it can lead to disabilities and cause stress as well as financial troubles in families. Also, death of a certain family member can be devastating too. Apart from CDC, Office of Surveillance, Epidemiology and Lab services, Office of Infectious

PEST analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

PEST analysis - Essay Example The external environment consists of four main factors, political, economic, social and technological (Dubrin, 2012). These factors are collectively known as PEST. These factors appear as opportunities for the organisation while it is also possible that at certain point in time, they pose threats. The organisations need to keep a constant eye upon these four factors to stay profitable and at times for core survival. The paper discusses about these factors and their influences upon the organisations policies, functions and profitability. Political Aspects of External Environment The political aspect of external environment is related to the government laws, legislations, rules, polices and other international principles that are enforced from time to time. These factors supersede all local and organisational doctrines and every organisation is bound to obey them for its existence (D’Anieri, 2009). The common example of this factor is tariff guidelines, tax rates, employment law s (Collins, 2010) and trade quotas. Every organisation needs to cater for all these points to comply with the regulation. The non-compliance poses the most serious threat and organisations take years to settle the law suits filed against them because of violation of laws. Many government policies are related to foreign direct investment and impose certain restrictions on the ownership rights of the business. Particularly in the Gulf States, ownership of real-estate resources by foreigners is banned. It creates insecurity for the business concerns while they plan to invest in these countries. Another point of concern in this regard is about the balance sheet of the organisation that has strong financial position but cannot own the land and building which automatically decreases their assets side. In the present business era, globalization has removed many barriers and the free movement of capital, goods and labour has become a practice. The employment laws are relaxed about hiring ex patriates and it is increasing the level of diversity in the organisation (Barak, 2011). There are certain Acts which ensure formal protection of employees’ rights. This situation has raised many challenges to the organisations. Ensuring satisfaction of a diverse workforce on the grounds of equitable treatment is not child’s play. Every employee has different needs and it is no surprise that one’s interest harms the benefit of others. The organisations have to ensure that a win-win condition is met all the time (Vent, 2009). There are regulations related to minimum wage which affect the organisations cost structure and in turn the profit margins. There are certain guidelines about employment quota of local and foreign employees, it forces organisations to compromise over the talented pool and hire the one who may not be at par in educational and professional requirements. The political aspects are related with the performance of stock exchange as well. Stock exc hange is the most volatile sector of the economy which is influenced by every news and event in any corner of the world. The riots and political stability in one country negatively affects the market value of the companies which belong to that country no matter they are registered with some international stock exchange like London Stock Exchange or New York Stock Exchange. Economic Aspects of External Environment The affect of economic aspects in the external environment is as evident as the

Music and Cognitive Functioning Essay Example for Free

Music and Cognitive Functioning Essay Music is an art form and one of the most popular media utilized to convey ideas, views, and emotions. It plays various, significant part in everyones life. It can calm one’s mood and emotion. It can relax a person’s tensed body. However, it can also hype and motivate people. Music is also a means that we can use to express our ideas and messages. It can also be an extension of our personality and a manifestation of our identity. The type of music that we listen reflects what kind of person we are. It is often suggested to pregnant women to listen to classical music for it is believed that listening to classical music stimulates the babys activity inside the mothers womb. It is also believed that listening to music by pregnant women increases the probability that their child will be intelligent. Some students can also study their lessons well while listening to music. The melodies and tunes make the environment conducive to learning. They tend to absorb and understand their lessons well while they are listening to their favorite songs. This idea poses the possibility of enhancing peoples cognitive capacity through music. Thus, this paper aims to discuss the relationship of music and a persons cognitive capacity, and whether music increases a person’s intelligence. Music Music is an art, a craft, and an organized representation of sounds, silence, notes, and melodic tunes subjected in a time framework. Music includes a wide array of activities. It could be in the form of a mother putting her child to sleep through a lullaby, a group of kids singing their favorite nursery rhyme, a rock band playing their heart throbbing hits, or simply a person humming unconsciously (Miller 3). Music is a succession of arranged tones that produce a rhythm (Miller 3). This definition does not cover the characteristics of music, but it covers the description of the different genres people may be affiliated with. Music is relative and subjective. It conforms to the taste and preference of the person. Music lessons taught us that music is comprised of notes, staffs, pitch, and voice. These are the superficial discernible characteristics of music. These are the things you will learn in your music class. Music has different forms in various cultures, and it is experienced by individuals through different ways. Music has two subdivisions based on culture. These are the â€Å"high culture† and â€Å"low culture† types of music. High culture music is eminent in U. S. and Europe. This type of music includes the music of the western world formed during the different periods—Classical, Baroque, and Romantic, among others. It is considered as the art music and is performed in the concert halls and churches. It is treasured by people in the conventional music industry. The other type of music includes the contemporary kinds of music like jazz, blues, country, rock, pop, etc. Nowadays, the distinction between the high and low culture of music is widely accepted for it separates the quality of music of better quality, more advanced art music from the music played in the nightclubs and dance halls. Music and Intelligence People always look for ways and means to increase their intelligence. This is inherently true for parents, especially the first-time parents who want to practically boost the cognitive functioning of their children. There is news proliferated by the media that the music of Mozart can actually make a person smarter. Due to this evidence, some educators and policy makers even suggest that playing Mozart’s music in elementary schools should be mandated (Nairne 346). Everyone has been bestowed a gift to excel in different fields. Everyone has his or her own discernible characteristics that enable him or her to take on tasks. However, it was believed that people with high musical aptitude possess low academic aptitude. Nevertheless, in reality, there is no clear correlation between musical inclination and affinity and the academic performance or ability of a person (Gordon 22). Recently, there has been a media fuss questioning if the involvement in music makes a person smarter. There is a significant query of whether there is a â€Å"Mozart effect† if a person is involved in music. Does music enhance a person’s cognitive capacity? There are various studies reporting that music increases learning capability, while other research conducted shows otherwise. Hence, this only shows the limitations and the discrepancy in studying the impact of music on cognitive ability (Crowe 143). The researches conducted regarding the relationship of music and cognitive skills fall under music cognition. This particular field of study involves examination of the different aspects of cognition, including how music is processed by its listeners. It seeks to understand the underlying processes over the standard practices of analyzing, composing, and listening to music. Music has a significant impact on the brain processes. Learning is a complex process that cannot be reduced to a simple human process or experience. In learning, the development of a particular ability will enhance the abilities of a person (Crowe 143). There are really no sufficient analyses on the cognitive effects of long-term exposure to music and passive listening of music on intelligence. The most celebrated short-term effect of music on the increase in intelligence was the interpretation of the 1993 Mozart Effect study. Researchers claimed that 10 minutes exposure to compositions of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart could increase general IQ scores by 8 points (Brown and Volgsten 137). However, there are claims that the study lacks sufficient evidence that exposure to Mozart songs actually render the improvements on the cognitive functioning of an individual. An interesting article that was written by the proponents of the studies on Mozart effects states that there are other types of music which render similar effects, such as folk music, minimalist music, and other types of music that cause relaxation. They also compared the tests of their participants and saw no particular difference on the results on the tests which required remembering numbers and general tests of intelligence. Yet, the Mozart effect manifested in tests which required recognizing visual patterns and mentally rotating objects. The researchers, therefore, concluded that the exposure to Mozarts composition only affects the persons spatial-reasoning abilities (Miche 16). Mozart songs may result in improvement for its omnificent and innovative schema. These songs activate the part of the brain which controls our spatial-reasoning tasks. Thus, this suggests that the persons involved may feel so relaxed and in a good mood, which allows them to perform the reasoning tasks better (Nairne 346). Furthermore, listening to Stephen Kings stories could also render Mozart effect, for the listeners find it enjoyable and entertaining. It relaxes them and enhances their spatial-reasoning skills. On the other hand, a study was conducted exposing participants to slow and sad selection of classical music, and significant findings failed to produce the Mozart effect. It greatly suggests that it is indeed the setting of the mood and arousal that are responsible for the improvements of the spatial-reasoning abilities of people (Nairne 346). The numerous studies mentioned earlier in the text only shows how psychological findings could be inaccurate and misused by the popular media. Although the various studies present valid findings, the improvements on the people’s abilities attributed to music were relatively minute and merely focused on a particular part of brain functioning. There are no stipulated evidences that suggest listening to Mozart or Stephen King produce lasting increase on the general intelligence. However, there may be ephemeral effects on the level of intelligence of a person. For instance, consuming anything that will make a person feel good and light would render the same improvements discussed by the researchers of Mozart effect. Thus, relaxing music makes one feel better about performing tasks, but it does not make hi or her smarter in any way (Nairne 346). Conclusion Music plays a significant role in everyones life. It is a tool for expressing our ideas and messages through the lyrics, melody, and rhythm of a song. It is an extension of our personality. We manifest ourselves—the kind of people we are—through the genre of music we listen to. Music inclination and intelligence have no significant correlation. There is a celebrated study which created hype in the media that exposure to Mozarts composition have a significant increase on the general intelligence of a person. The Mozart effect is a study conducted which concluded that exposure to his music activates the brain functioning which controls the spatial-reasoning abilities. Another study conducted suggests that using slow and sad classical compositions to increase cognitive capacity. However, these types of music failed to render similar effects as the impact of Mozart’s songs. It therefore concludes that anything that makes you feel good and relaxed can make you perform a task better. Works Cited Brown, Steven and Ulrik Volgsten. Music and Manipulation: On the Social Uses and Social Control of Music. New York: Berghahn Books, Inc. , 2006. Crowe, Barbara J. Music and Soulmaking: Toward a New Theory of Music Therapy. Maryland: Scarecrow Press, Inc. , 2004. Gordon, Edwin E. A Music Learning Theory for Newborn and Young Children. Chicago, IL: GIA Publications, Inc. , 2003.

Criticisms made of left realism by other left wing approaches

Criticisms made of left realism by other left wing approaches This essay will focus on Left Realism and how some of their beliefs can be criticised by other left wing approaches. As there are many different left wing approaches that can criticise left realism, and there are only 2,000 words available for this essay, only three left wing approaches will be focused on. They are the new criminology, radical criminology, and the Birmingham School. Left Realists were of the belief that all research and efforts previously were pointless because none pointed towards an answer to what causes crime. Left Realists believed that the state of criminology was one of abject failure and there was nothing criminologists could say to the community about the causes of crime (Laufer and Adler, 1990, p.163). As Hagan (2010, p.185) notes Left Realists also accepted that crime does exist so it was pointless trying to deconstruct the term crime. As Muncie (2009, p.150) correctly identified The Left Realism principles are based on democratic socialism which addresses social inequality. They focus on left wing political analysis and synthesises established theories to achieve a fully social theory of crime . It s perceived as a response to the partiality of focus of existing theories and the Theoretical synthesis of sub-cultural labelling theories. Although the approach is left wing it s not over the top as they still consider Marginalisation and emphasise failure among young people. It s also concerned with the square of crime, it appreciates a complex process of action and reaction between the offender, victims, the state and society. To control crime from a realist perspective involves intervention at each part of the square of crime: at the level of the factors which give rise to the putative offender (such as structural unemployment), the informal system (such as lack of public mobilisation), the victim (such as inadequate target hardening) and the formal system (such as ineffective policing) (Waltlake, 2005, p.87). In terms of effective policing Jock Young (1997, p.492) noted It is not the Thin Blue Line, but the social bricks mortar of civil society which are the major bulwarks against crime. Good jobs with a discernable future, housing estates tenants can be proud of, community facilities which enhance a sense of cohesion belonging, a reduction in unfair inequalities, all create a society which is more cohesive less criminogenic . This empahsises the Left Realist belief that it s necessary for policy makers to be focuses on social crime prevention strategies. Left Realism approach concerns Left Realist Criminologists that were originally Marxist Criminologists who turned their back on their radicalist approach for what they considered a more realistic approach (Clinard Meier, 2008, p.80), but the Criminologists who didn t turn there back on Marxist beliefs still offer good critique for left realism. For example as Steinhart (1985, p.327-34) noted there has been criticism of left realist criminology on the specific grounds of its apparent acceptance of popular fear of crime and its subsequent adoption of a crime control strategy: a criticism that is mounted from a perspective which continues to insist on the exagurated character of popular fears and which also insists on viewing the widely reported increased fear or crime as an ideological displacement of the on going increases in other personal troubles (unemployment, race, conflict, tensions between the sexes in late capitalist societies , etc). In addition, some of the best critique of fered for left realism comes from the left wing approach that left realism itself set out to criticise. Some of the best left wing approaches that offer critique for the left realism perspective include New Criminology, Critical Criminology and The Birmingham School despite of their individual differences. Left Realism accused approaches such as New Criminology of being too idealistic . Left Realists began to take the term crime largely at face value. Thus, in moving away from the left idealist emphasis on the social construction of crime. However as Newburn (2007) identified left realists arguably have gone too far in accepting standard definitions of crime as if they were self-evidently meaningful. Maybe attempts by New Criminologists to deconstruct criminological theories in an attempt to construct a social theory of crime (Lilly, Ball and Cullen, 2010, p.212) or critical criminology s overriding aim to deconstruct the privileged meanings and discourses which frame the reality of crime (Anthony and Cunneen, 2008, p.2) may be more appropriate. The Radical Left has been accused by left realist criminologists of being negativistic and being too concerned with deconstructing social order. It tended to romanticise crime and crime was conceived of as an expression of class struggle. This is demonstrated by The New criminology s approach that sought to show that the law was used as an instrument of the ruling class (Muncie, 2006, p.65) and The Birmingham School offered analysis of class and class conflict and its concern with youth styles and resistance (McGuigan, 2005, p.179) which are two thoughts that left realist criminologists ignored. However Left Realism s belief on crime being intra class and it s inability to focus on the issue of class can be used as a criticism. As Waltlake (1989) suggests: Its over-concentration on crime and victimization within poor communities, and its failure to focus on crimes of the powerful and, related to this, it s over-reliance on the local crime survey . In addition Waltlake is not the only Criminologist to have noticed this, as Pearce and Tombs (1992) both noted: Through its failure to focus on corporate and organised crime, left realism is accused by some of having an incomplete aetiology a model of crime causation that even if it helps explain volume crimes such as burglary, is of limited utility in the task of explaining crimes of the suites . Left Realism also accused approaches such as New Criminology, Radical Criminology and The Birmingham School of offering little in terms of policy relevance. When speaking of policy relevance, in reference to government thinking it s also worth noting that whilst left realist s John Lea and Jock Youngs book What is to Be Done about Law and Order (1993) has been rumoured to be influential on Tony Blair prior and at the beginning of Labour s reign in government (Gomm, 2008, p.335) due to Tony Blair s opinion that there was a need to reengage with political debate and the acceptance that crime shouldn t be deconstructed. However as it s worth noting Newburn (2007, p.269) noted over time the Labour government shifted progressively from a position that was reasonably sympathetic to left realist thinking to one that was much more comfortable with right realist theory. So therefore when discussing government thinking it s worth noting that in today s current climate, Left Realism seems to of fer just as much terms of policy relevance as New Criminology, Radical Criminology and The Birmingham School. Left Realism has also come under attack because it reverts back to accepting crime victim police as unproblematic features (Waltlake, 2007, p.78). Furthermore Left realism was more committed to social democratic reform rather than socialist politics. This emphasises one of the main principles of left realism; the belief in a joined up approach to tackling the problems of crime. However, this belief could be accused of borrowing from a range of sociological explanations of crime. These reasons suggest that there may be nothing new about left realism, but may just be a number of established criminological principles taken from a particular ideological perspective (Downes and Rock, 2003, p.292). In fact, as these two examples show, instead of being a progressive theory, it may be a theory that demonstrates regression in comparison to an approach such as new criminology where new criminologists concern capitalism to being causes of problems such as crime , victim and the police . (Lilly, Ball Cullen, 2010, p.186). In addition this is not the only demonstration of regression being displayed left realists. Their failure to focus sufficiently on the political and ideological sources of crime and it s control is another example of regression. Stan Cohen (1986, cited by ), for example, argued that left realists have retreated far from the theoretical gains of 20 years ago. Their regression into the assumptions of the standard criminal law model of social control criminalization and punishment is premature . Furthermore left realism says very little about domestic abuse. Approaches such as The New Criminology, Critical Criminology and The Birmingham School however add more focus around domestic abuse, and as a result arguably focus more around reasons, which suggest that they offer a better explanation for crime. In addition Left Realism confirms the black population as particularly criminal which ignores the historical, economic political contexts in which immigration developed. There has also been a quite angry series of critical responses to left realist criminology from scholars and activists in Britain who are identified with the vanguard organizations of the black underclass, and for whom left realist criminology from scholars and activists in Britain who are identified with the vanguard organizations of the black underclass, and for whom left realist criminology is understood, overwhelmingly, as an outrageous accommodation to the law and order policies of a racist authoritarian state (Gilroy and Sim, 1985, cited by Scraton, 1987, p.210). This increases the belief that Left Realism is not a theory that can be associated with progression of the Radical Left beliefs. Especially against the beliefs of New Criminology, Critical Criminology or The Birmingham School which all discourage the use of racial stereotyping. Left Realism also comes under attack due to the theory having no statistical evidence to support the theory. Critical Criminology can offer a criticism towards left realism due to the approaches close concern with crime statistics. As noted by Hudson (2000, p.177) The object of investigation is the cluster of theories, policies, legislation, media treatments, roles institutions that are concerned with crime, with the control punishment of crime. This material is the object of study, not part of the explanation . This is another example where Left Realism arguably fails to produce a theory that concerns progression. The relationship that Left Realism has with the offender and the victim can also be criticised heavily by Left Wing Approaches. As Ruggiero (1992) identified: left realism contains an assumption that the power relationship between offender and victim is always one in which the former is more powerful than the latter . This one-sided approach is another critique that suggests why it s hard to acknowledge Left Realism as a theory that concerns progression. Furthermore, as Newburn correctly identified (2007, p.269): Left Realism generally rejects the possibility that some working-class criminal activity may be understood as a means of managing and coping with the limited opportunities allowed by current social arrangements . Other Left Wing Approaches support this notion such as Critical Criminology due to its aims to achieve Social, rather than criminal, justice by achieving structural changes that transform the social structure (Anthony and Cunneen, 2008, p.186). Furthermore, New Criminology arguably takes in to consideration that criminal activity may be a means of managing and coping with limited opportunities and this may be due to, as identified by Carlen and Collisson (1980, p.150), it advocates a form of radical politics seeking social justice. While Birmingham School takes in to consideration the possibility as it can be interoperated that youthful deviance is most profoundly lodged in the refusal to accept the opportunities th at capitalist communities has restricted them too. In this instance all three left wing approaches touched in this essay potentially offer valid critique towards left realism. Another criticism offered by Taylor (1992, p.95) is that the evidence presented in the various victimization studies conducted by left realists has more to do with patterns of victimization and of fear than it has to do with any detailed answers to crime and social order. There is no really creative attempt in the survey work on the left realists to investigate ways and means of combating crime, or of restoring some sense of order. Therefore in summary, although Left Realists original intention was to progress from Left Wing Approahces. It s debateable whether any progress has been made due to the critique towards Left Realism that can be offered by left wing approaches. This is for reasons such as its focus on fear of crime, its failure to acknowledge that crime may need to be deconstructed, its failure to focus on crimes of the powerful, it s lack of impact on current political affairs, it s acceptance of big issues (ie, crime and police) being unproblematic features, it s failure to focus on political and ideological sources of crime, it s lack of interest in domestic abuse, it s racial stereotyping, it s lack of statistical evidence to support the theory, the relationship between the offender and the victim, it s rejection that criminal activity may be a way of coping with limited opportunities allowed by current social arrangements and it s victimization students failing to provide an answer to crime and s ocial order.

The Transformation of Gilgamesh in the Epic of Gilgamesh :: Epic Gilgamesh essays

The Transformation of Gilgamesh in the Epic of Gilgamesh In many literary works we see significant transitions in the hero's character as the story is developed. This is also true in the Epic of Gilgamesh with its hero, Gilgamesh. In this narrative poem, we get glimpses of who Gilgamesh is and what his purposes and goals are. We see Gilgamesh act in many different ways -- as an overbearing ruler resented by his people, a courageous and strong fighter, a deflated, depressed man, and finally as a man who seems content with what he's accomplished. Through all of these transitions, we see Gilgamesh's attitude toward life change. The goals he has for his own life alter dramatically, and it is in these goals that we see Gilgamesh's transition from being a shallow, ruthless ruler to being an introspective, content man. The epic begins with the men of Uruk describing Gilgamesh as an overly aggressive ruler. "'Gilgamesh leaves no son to his father; day and night his outrageousness continues unrestrained; And he is the shepherd of Uruk, the enclosure; He is their shepherd, and yet he oppresses them. Strong, handsome, and wise. . . Gilgamesh leaves no virgin to her lover.'"(p.18, Line 23-27) The citizens respect him, but they resent his sexual and physical aggression, so they plead to the gods to alleviate some of their burden. The gods resolve to create an equal for Gilgamesh to tame him and keep him in line. This equal, Enkidu, has an immediate impact on Gilgamesh. When they first meet, both having never before met a man equal in stature, they brawl. "They grappled with each other, Snorting like bulls; They shattered the doorpost, that the wall shook."(p.32, lines 15-18)   In giving Gilgamesh a real battle, Enkidu instantly changes him; having this equal gives Gilgamesh a sense of respect for anoth er man. These two men fighting each other creates a serious mess, but they both end up without animosity toward the other.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The next time we see them, their friendship is concrete. "They kissed one another, And formed a friendship."(p.33, line 19-20) Gilgamesh seems to be the leader at the start of their relationship, and right away, he plans an adventure for them. "In the forest dwells the terrible Huwawa. Let us, me and thee, kill him, And let us destroy all the evil in the land."(p. 34, line 96-98) Here, Gilgamesh reveals one reason that he wants to kill Huwawa - to destroy the evil in the land.

Bejamin Franklin -- A Life Of A Great Man Essay -- essays research pap

Benjamin Franklin During the period after America's "birth" there were many incredible people but none more so than Benjamin Franklin. Ben is considered one of America's greatest citizens. He accomplished many things in his lifetime; he was a scientist, an inventor, a politician, a printer, a philosopher, a musician, and an economist. In the 1700s, a scientist was someone who thought about the way things work and tried to figure out ways to make things work better. Every time Ben Franklin saw a question and tried to answer it, he was a scientist. Ben is most famous for his questions about electricity, but he also experimented with many other ideas in nature. Ben did many studies on electricity, not just lightning. Franklin received an electricity tube from his friend Peter Collinson and began to play around with it, performing a vast amount of experiments (FISM). However, it is Ben's interest in lightning that is best remembered. Ben hypothesized that lightning was an electrical current. To test his theory he needed to see whether or not lightning would pass through metal. So he attached a metal key to a kite and flew it in a storm. His experiment proved that lightning was a stream of electrified air, known as plasma (Lemay) Ben realized that lightning was immensely powerful, so he invented the lightning rod. After Franklin did many studies with lightning and electricity, he realized it was a very powerful force. It was this that motivated him to invent the lightning rod. The lightning rod is a piece of metal attached to a building, house, boat, etc. When lightning strikes the building the rod will attract it and channel the electricity down to the ground where it will do much less damage. This invention has help protect buildings of today greatly. In 1743, Ben Franklin was watching a storm move in. He wondered why the storms were moving the opposite direction from where the wind was blowing. Franklin believed that a storm course could be plotted. Ben chased the storm on horseback  ¾ of a mile to see how it worked. He later printed weather forecasts in his almanac (FISM). In his travels across the Atlantic Ocean he became interested in ocean currents and shipbuilding. He measured temperatures on each of his eight trips to Europe and eventually plotted a Gulf Stream. Ben was one of the first people to work on gulf streams (FISM). In November... ... seventeen, he was a fully skilled printer able to work in any print shop. With this skill, Ben was able to leave Boston and find work in both Philadelphia and London. In 1728, at the age of twenty-two, Franklin opened his own printing office in Philadelphia. He published a newspaper called The Pennsylvania Gazette and his annual Poor Richard's Almanac (Esmond). He published cartoons and illustrated news stories, and letters to the editor. He believed in the power of the press, using his printing press as a way to bring the news to all people. He used cartoons and pictures so that everyone could understand the news, especially to people who had not learned to read. In 1731, Franklin set up the first ever circulating library where people could checkout books so they could read even if they couldn't afford to buy books (FISM). Ben Franklin had many other ideas about our nation. His essays and books about the economy help shape it to what it is today, he strictly believed in hard work. There was no shortage of that in his life; Benjamin Franklin is clearly one of America's greatest citizens. We honor him as one of our founding fathers and his face is on the one hundred-dollar bill.

Figure of Speech in A Valediction Essay

John Donne’s â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning† is an amazing love poem with beautiful figurative language, a farewell to Donne’s wife before their long partition. The writer assures his loved the parting will do no harm and praises on their endless love. With his competent writing style using extended metaphors, comparisons along with connotation and denotation throughout the poem, Donne expresses his belief in the strength of their angelic love to get through the physical separation. In 1611, John Donne had to leave for a Europe trip, leaving behind his pregnant wife (Brackett). He wrote this poem as a farewell pledging his wife on their reunion and suggesting her not to be sorrowful. The writer uses several methods of figure of speech, among which are the donatives of vocabulary of the poem. The word â€Å"valediction† in the title is the act of bidding farewell, mourning is grieving or crying for a loss, â€Å"laity† in line 8 refers to common, ordinary people, â€Å"sublunary† (line 13) refers to being below the moon and â€Å"elemented† (16) is being the component of something. These denotations play an important role in the poem to mask the meaning of the word, forcing its audience to pay close attention to every detail. Besides these words, extended metaphor links numerous imageries and comparisons in the poem creating the most famous love poem of Donne’s works. Donne begins the poem with the â€Å"virtuous men† (1) image. He compares the separation between lovers to souls parting their bodies, life coming to death. These â€Å"virtuous men† (1) are immortal in the living’s memory, even though their souls may have left their physical covers. As the memory remains, they will still be there with their beloved ones. Therefore they die without fear, facing death with peace and courage. Donne uses this comparison to announce to his wife, that the love they share is far too great, too profound to be affected by mere physical separation. He also says in his sermons: â€Å"Death, is the Divorce of body and soul; Resurrection is the Re-union. . . .† (Freccero). They have no fear of separation like those decent men have no fear for death. The union of body and soul after death will serve as a symbol of reunion of the lovers later on in the poem. In the second stanza, the poet asks his wife to â€Å"melt, and make no noise/ No  tear-floods, nor sight-tempests move;† (5-6). The word â€Å"melt† symbolizes the unity of two people become one, not two separated individuals. The poet tells his dear wife to shed no tears, for that action is only for the â€Å"laity â€Å"(8). This parting forbids mourning, as the couple has such dedicated meaning; Donne praised his love to be above of those common people. If they publicly display their grief, he feels it would taint the love he shares with his wife by being no better than the love of ordinary people. Donne pleads with his lady to accept his departure. Then the writer moves from the â€Å"laity† people to a larger view of the whole universe (Brackett). â€Å"But the trepidation of the spheres,/ Though greater far, is innocent† (11-12). â€Å"Trepidation of the spheres† is meant to talk about the moving of the Earth and other planets. In Donne’s time people still believe the Earth is the center of the universe, and other planets move around it (Brackett). Although men wonder about the nature of these movements of the universe, and blame â€Å"harms and fear† (9) on those planets, the truth is the nature is â€Å"innocent† (12). Men with their weakness suffer from their own mistakes, not from influence of the stars or such matters. As Donne and his love have reached the level of angelic love, which has a symbol of a perfect circle, they are of no guilt for all misfortune and mistakes the normal people have (Freccero). This metaphor refers to the main image of the poem, the compass. This symbol in later reference also has a stable stand in the center, with another part moving around it creating a perfect circle. The everlasting spinning of the Earth is like the lover’s romance,In the fourth stanza, Donne ranks the â€Å"dull sublunary lovers† (13) as the ones who cannot truthfully understand the depth of love like his and his wife’s since he place his romance to the level of the universe, these â€Å"under the moon† relationship â€Å"whose soul is sense† (14) cannot bear absence of their partner. They simply have a physical bond, among them lacks the spiritual connection that keeps the relationship unwavering through time and space. He sees this type of love as weak in essence, because it is not based correctly on the bonding of two souls, but more on the bonding of two bodies. It cannot endure such an absence as Donne must take from his spouse, as it would â€Å". . . remove/ those things which elemented it† (16). They do not have the bond even when being apart and as a result would not be able to stand the trials of distance. They would be torn apart by absence because they are  no longer together to cement the feelings that they once possessed. Donne and his wife have the type of romance that is â€Å"so much refined† (17), they cannot even understand it. Their relationship is not only about missing the eyes, the lover’s lip or the warmth of their hands. Their feeling here is the loss of a part of themselves. Though the feeling is hard to bear, believing in the other’s return helps them get through the separation. In the next stanza Donne creates another spectacular metaphor. â€Å"Our two souls, therefore, which are one† (21) declares them as two living bodies but sharing one heart and one soul. The separation will only be â€Å"a reach, but expansion† (23), compared to â€Å"gold to airy thinness beat† (24). Gold can be expanded and condensed over and over again, but it will never break. The strength of gold is also the strength of the love between the couple. Like gold, it cannot be severed or torn by expansion. The most important symbol, the key link of the chain of metaphors appears in the seventh stanza:If they be two, they are two soAs stiff twin compasses are two:Thy soul, the fixed foot, makes no show, To move, but doth, if th’ other do (25-28). Like the compass is made of a center and a rotating foot that â€Å"makes no show to move, but doth, if th’ other do† (27-28), the lovers stay connected through the soul though their bodies are apart. Although the center and the foot are stretched out, they are still joined at the beginning. However as the center foot stays still, when the other moves away it still â€Å"leans and hearkens† (31). The unrelated mathematical device suddenly becomes a dramatic metaphor describing the couple’s situation. The lady staying at home as the center, waiting and missing her man, longing after every step her husband takes, with part of her soul watching over him. Meanwhile the man, as the moving foot drawing out, still has a part of him lingering back at home with his love. No matter how far the geographic distance between them, they are as one with their love bond. Together they make a perfect circle, the angelic love model as an Aristotelian circle (Tate). Notably a circle with a point in the center also is the seventeenth century symbol for gold (Divine), as mentioned earlier it stands for the ability to stretch out but not to break of the soul. Seeing no loss in the parting, the couple  pictures their happy reunion: â€Å"thy firmness makes my circle just, and makes me end where I began† (35-36). Like a circle, the lovers will end up together. They have to experience separation, but after the separation comes uniting. Once a circle is formed, the beginning point and the ending point become one. The poem is full of original ideas and associations; it is complex, and highly intellectual. John Donne incredibly creates unique figurative language in his work, making â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning† his most famous love poem. Along with using the rich imagery and metaphors skillfully he dedicates the poem to his beloved wife with a beautiful message: the deserving soul will return to the awaiting body, as the traveler will return to his darling (Freccero). Works Cited Brackett, Virginia†Ã¢â‚¬ËœA Valediction Forbidding Mourning’.† Facts On File Companion toBritish Poetry, 17th and 18th Centuries. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008. Bloom’s Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54&SID=1&iPin=CBP1029&SingleRecord=True (accessed June 17, 2009). Divine, Jay Dean. â€Å"Compass and Circle in Donne’s ‘A Valediction: ForbiddenMourning,'† Papers on Language and Literature 9, no. 1 (Winter 1973): pp. 78-80. Quoted as â€Å"The Symbolic Importance of the Compass† in Harold Bloom, ed. John Donne, Bloom’s Major Poets. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishing, 1998. (Updated 2007.) Bloom’s Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54&SID=1&iPin=BMPJD30&SingleRecord=True (accessed June 17, 2009). Donne, John. â€Å"A Valediction Forbidding Mourning†. 1611. Rpt. in Compact LiteratureReading Reacting Writing. By Kirszner and Mandell. 6th ed. 2007. Freccero, John. â€Å"Donne’s ‘Valediction: Forbidding Mourning'† from English LiteraryHistory 30, no. 3 (March 1963): pp. 336-38. Quoted as â€Å"The Circle of Love† in Harold Bloom, ed. John Donne, Bloom’s Major Poets. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishing, 1998. (Updated 2007.) Bloom’s Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54&SID=1&iPin=BMPJD32&SingleRecord=True (accessed June 17, 2009). Tate, Allen. Essays of Four Decades (Chicago: Swallow Press, 1968): pp. 247-49. Quoted as â€Å"Movement in the ‘Valediction'† in Harold Bloom, ed. John Donne, Bloom’s Major Poets. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishing, 1998. (Updated 2007.) Bloom’s Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54&SID=1&iPin=BMPJD33&SingleRecord=True (accessed June 17, 2009).

Blood spatter Essay

Blood spatter is a common form of physical evidence at a death scene, and is often of major relevance. It is not a field in which all forensic pathologists feel confident, as in some jurisdictions it is regarded as totally within the domain of the forensic scientist and in others, the crime scene investigator. It should be reasonably regarded as a shared topic, one understood by all players, as each expert has an individual slant on the subject, and can thus provide separate insights. It is important to avoid evidence clashes. Examination and documentation of blood spatter, including what, where and how much, allows interpretation of the type and form of bleeding, and may provide a reconstruction of the incident and some surrounding circumstances. The form of report produced tends to vary with different departments, but usually is incorporated into the general scene report. Blood loss itself is due to breaches of blood vessels, and this may be due to natural disease processes or trauma. Typical examples of natural disease-causing problems at crime scenes include bleeding from a varicose skin ulcer, which is at ankle or shin level, and bleeding from lung cancer, which produces coughed-up blood. Both of these may be associated with widespread blood deposition. Commonly, these kinds of cases are associated with some degree of cleaning up or self-help, of a type consistent with a solitary life style. The type of loss is dependent on the kind of blood vessels involved. Veins return blood to the heart, operate at low pressure and flow is at a constant rate. A breach causes an ooze or pour of blood. On the other hand, arteries operate at high pressure and have a pulsatile flow. This produces a very variable flow rate, and a breach causes a spray or spurt of blood. The normal blood pressure peak and trough is 120/80mmHg at rest, but can be as high as 180-200mmHg with strenuous activity or stress, excluding any disease process. Obviously, this level may be expected in violent deaths. As veins and arteries commonly run parallel to each other, both types of vessels may be damaged at once. The size of vessel is also important, as small vessels will produce little blood, whereas the major vessels can bleed catastrophically. An arbitrary level of 200ml has been defined as the cut-off between a small and a large volume. The pathologist can rarely estimate the volume directly at the scene with any great degree of accuracy. The estimate may have to be done indirectly by crime scene examiners, such as by weighing areas of soaked carpet, and comparing this with dry areas. Classifications of Blood Stains: The appearance and the size of the blood patterns depend on the force by which they were created. When a sort of an object comes into direct contact with the blood, the force by which that object makes contact moves the blood and enhances its velocity. In some fashion the blood must react to this force transfer. Velocity is calculated in meters per second. There can be an evidence of three forms of blood spatter at a crime scene, high, medium or low blood spatter or a mix combination of these. The predictable process of categorizing blood stains was based on the connection between the speed of the force pressuring the blood drop or source that administer the individuality and dimension and distance of the resulting bloodstains. The three essential grouping of stain groups which were used based on the idea that the dimension of the blood stain being inversely comparative to the power useful to the still blood. Low Velocity Blood Spatter LVBS (Low Velocity Blood Spatters) are stains of blood which are created when the cause of blood is subjected to energy with the speed of up to 5 ft/sec. Major stains calculate normally 4mm in distance or superior. Medium Velocity Blood Spatter MVIS (Medium Velocity Blood Spatter) are stains of blood which are formed when the cause of blood is subjected to a might with a speed in between the range of 6 to 25 ft/sec. The distances of the consequential stains are in the mass range of 1 to 3 mm, even though larger and smaller bloodstains may be there. Stains in this group are normally connected with beatings and stabbings. High Velocity Blood Spatter HVBS (High Velocity Blood Spatter) are stains of blood formed when the cause of blood is subjected to a power with a speed of more than 100ft/sec. The width of the spatter is mainly less than 1mm, although larger and smaller bloodstains are frequently experiential within the outline. Bloodstains in this group are usually related with gun shots and explosions. Other device that formed bloodstains within the mass range of the usual high and medium velocities such as expiratory blood and satellite spatter bloodstains were not valued to the level that misunderstanding might and do occur. Most of the bloodstains forecasters have selected to stop this conservative terms and categorization for a more holistic advancement to bloodstain categorization. The subject that formed the rethinking of the conservative categorization of high-medium-low velocity was the diameter of sizes of stain among the high and medium velocity group and the understanding that devices other than stabbings, gunshots and beatings often formed stains with the dimension ranges within these groups. The pattern and bloodstains are confidential based on their substantial features of distribution, location, size, concentration and shape into inactive stains, splash stains or distorted stains. These are more confidential relation to method that may create stains with that uniqueness with mention to relevant scene, medicinal and case related history and facts of the proof. The forecaster than may be able to set up the exact method by which the outline was formed. More Analysis on the three classifications An abrasion or superficial laceration involves large numbers of very small to small vessels. This produces diffuse velocity from the whole area, and neither a pour nor a spray of blood would be expected. Incision of a superficial artery, such as in the wrist, involves larger vessels, with a small area of origin. This produces mainly a low velocity of blood due to pumping or spurting. A stab of a deep artery, as in the thigh, may mean involvement of a larger deep vessel. Here the presence of overlying tissues will interfere with the production of a spray, and the blood exits as a rapid pour, usually without spurting. However, there is usually still a clearly pulsatile element. But again this would be said as a low velocity blood spatter. The size of blood spots relates to the impulse of dispersal. Low velocity blood spatter such as venous bleeding, will produce large blood spots. A medium velocity blood spatter, such as produced by the use of a blunt instrument, will produce finer spots. High velocity blood spatter, as in gunshot injuries for example, will produce a fine spray. This can also be used in interpretation, as in the case of a crewman missing after an on-board explosion. There were several areas of very fine blood spray near the relevant hatch cover, and also on a broken ship’s railing. This clearly indicated that the deceased had been hit by the swinging hatch cover, and had broken the railing by force of his impact with it, during the course of being thrown overboard. Some knowledge of the injury pattern will produce the best results in interpretation. For example a slash of the neck might be expected to produce arterial spurts from large superficial vessels. A stab of chest could produce a medium flow, but if the stab is small or angulated, producing a degree of sealing, there may be little external bleeding. For example, multiple heart and aortic stabs with a skewer have been seen to produce only occasional external drops of blood. A stab of the lung may have the combination of direct bleeding from the stab and the expiration of blood mixed with air. Projected bleeding can also occur from mouth and nose following a gunshot wound of the head. During the bleeding process, the blood may be around the injury itself, and be capable of making contact impressions, or may have been projected away from the injury, and no longer be on the body at all. This blood may be around the body, and situated on bedding, furnishings, walls or carpet. The type of patterning will provide the pathologist with insights of where and how the deceased had moved. The blood may be on objects at the scene such as a weapon or a vehicle. The position, patterning and extent may indicate which part of the object caused the injury, and in turn, this may indicate the position of the deceased at the time of sustaining this injury. There may be minimal blood present at the scene, or what appears to be an inadequate amount, in view of the injuries. This may indicate that this is a secondary scene, and that the primary scene must be searched for elsewhere. Produce a fine spatter of blood at low level, with the last drops producing the greatest effect. This may outline the feet on the floor, and will also be present on the inner borders of the feet and the tops of the feet. The blood on the feet may subsequently be transferred elsewhere. The target surface is of major importance, and the effect is far less on a carpet than it would be on tiles, due to the reduced pool effect. Another significant aspect relates to blood which has been deposited from an injury onto a weapon, and is then cast off by the centrifugal force of swinging the weapon again. This may leave blood trails on ceilings or on high walls. There are various forms through which people can be killed. Listed are the few and the classification of which Velocity Blood stain it belongs to: Shootings (Medium and mostly high level Blood Spatter Velocity) Apart from the normal documentation of the scene, it is necessary to consider a number of specific matters. The pathologist must determine if the victim has moved during the course of the shooting, or has shown signs of activity afterwards. This can be done by noting the position of the body, the accessibility of the entry sites in the current body position, the presence of bullets or markings near the exit sites, and blood or tissue spatter patterns. There is usually little back spatter, but there may be considerable forward spatter, especially with more powerful weapons. It is worth bearing in mind that there may also be significant spatter extending from gas splits in the skin, and this could be at right angles to the main bullet track. Knife (Medium Velocity Blood Spatter) As mentioned above, the possibility of movement has to be considered. The volume of blood coming from an injury will depend on factors such as its type, situation and coverings, but if these are held in mind, then useful information can be gathered in order to reconstruct the incident. A knife or other sharp weapon is unlikely to cause damage to the scene, except in the most violent incidents, but it may be wiped or cleaned on the victim’s clothing or on furnishings, leaving a bloody outline. Axe (Mostly Medium Blood Spatter and at time High velocity) Because of the type of injury produced, these scenes tend to be very bloody. As there is a tendency to inflict multiple blows, there may also be evidence of the way in which these injuries were inflicted, as left by the spatter patterns. These patterns will frequently include cast-off spatter, as well as medium impulse spatter. There may even be loose fragments of soft tissue, bone or teeth. There maybe damage to the scene, particularly near to the body, due to missed hits. Fists and feet (Low velocity Blood Spatter) Assaults by kicking or stamping maybe associated with considerable contamination of the crime scene. This maybe in the form of a low-level blood spatter which may be evident up to a meter or so above ground level. Evidence of the type and position of an earlier phase of the assault is to be looked for, and blood pools that are separate from the final position of the body indicate periods of immobility. The ground surface has to be considered from the point of view of its being the possible anvil opposite some of the injuries, and thus help to interpret the assault. Footprint patterns may help to provide information as to whether bare or shod feet were used. Explosion (High Velocity Blood Spatter) Explosion scenes may extend from those where only a gram or two of explosive material is involved, to those involving tonnes of material. The pathologist’s approach will vary accordingly. Where a small quantity of material is involved, the pathologist should attempt to assess if there was any movement of the body from its original site to the point at which it is found. Blood and tissue spatter is most valuable here. The crime scene findings must be correlated with the burns and particulate damage later identified at the autopsy. The presence and role of any primary or secondary projectiles must be assessed. The author was involved in the investigation of an explosion on board a ship, where a crewman caused an explosion that blew him overboard. The body was not recovered, but damage to a hatch cover and the ships rail, both with deposition of high-impulse blood spatter and small tissue fragments indicated the extreme nature of the trauma that must have been sustained. Fragmentary body remains may be all that is recovered following a large explosion. As these may be covered with cement dust or other building materials, recognition of these remains at the scene may prove to be difficult, but this task is usually easier for a pathologist than other investigators. Work Cited Page †¢ Book Title: The Practice of Crime Scene Investigation. Contributors: John Horswell – author. Publisher: CRC Press. Place of Publication: Boca Raton, FL. Publication Year: 2004. †¢ Catten Ely (2000) Blood Spatter, What is it? From Suite 101. Retrieved on October 23, 2007, from http://www. suite101. com/article. cfm/crime_stories/34498 †¢ Louis L Akin (2005) Blood spatter interpretation at crime and accident scenes: a basic approach. (Focus on Forensics): An article from: The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. Publication: The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin (Magazine/Journal) †¢ Book Title Introduction to forensic science & criminalistics (2007) Publishers McGraw-Hill †¢ James, Stuart H. (2005) Principles of bloodstain analysis; theory and practice. Publisher CRC Press †¢ Blood Spatter (2006) Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Dundee. Retrieved on October 23, 2007 from http://www. dundee. ac. uk/forensicmedicine/notes/Bloodspatter. htm †¢ Base Pair (2004), Blood Spatter Pattern Analysis. Retrieved on October 23, 2007, from http://www. tx. ncsu. edu/Science_Olympiad/Coaches_workshop/2007%20Presentations/Blood%20Spatter%20Analysis. doc †¢ Blood and Stain Analysis. Retrieved on October 23, 2007, from http://home. iprimus. com. au/ararapaj/craigslea_testbed/Forensic%20Web%20Test%20Site/blood_analysis. htm