The Characteristics Of Adult Learners Education Essay Free Essays

string(65) " three general larning manners: ocular, audile, and kinesthetic\." Adult pupils in the procedure of ELT construct the particular group of people socially accepted as mature and who are in a learning procedure. Education of grownups has long been perceived as different from instruction of kids in both theory and pattern. The field of big instruction was pioneered by Malcom Knowles who claimed that andragogy should be distinguished from teaching method. We will write a custom essay sample on The Characteristics Of Adult Learners Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Andragogy consists of larning schemes focused on grownups while teaching method is concerned on kids. Knowles ‘ theory of andragogy is an effort to develop a theory specifically for grownup acquisition. Adults bring life experience and a degree of adulthood into the schoolroom that kids and striplings do non. Probably the individual most of import concern for the instructor of grownups is a thorough apprehension of the scholar. Through such an apprehension it is possible to direct your learning to the specific demands and involvements of the grownup. Adults are autonomous and expect to take duty for determinations. Adult larning plans must suit this cardinal facet. In practical footings, it means that direction for grownups demands to concentrate more on the procedure and less on the content being taught. It is of import to utilize schemes such as function playing, simulations, undertaking work and treatments rather frequently because they are most utile for big pupils who are job -centred, goal- oriented and practical. Teacher adopts a function of facilitator or resource instead than lector or grader. Furthermore, another facet of grownup instruction is motive because merely when pupils are motivated they can larn. The best manner is to heighten studentsA? ground for larning. Teachers must be after their motivation scheme which is considered to be successful if it includes demoing grownup pupils the relationship between developing an expected publicity. Finally, we do non hold to bury another built-in portion of grownups larning which proper feedback is. We should cognize when and have to give feedback because good feedback is one of the basic wagess of acquisition. Teaching English to grownups is different from learning kids and teens and involves a considerable sum of planning and accomplishment to do it apprehensible and adaptable to all scholars. 1. Features of Adult Learners Compared to kids and teens, grownups have particular demands and demands as scholars. Adults are people who have the position of adulthood in their ain and other peopleA?s eyes, but in the instruction procedure they come in the low-level place of the scholars. It could be really hard at the beginning and it depends on persons how to cover with this state of affairs. A batch of grownups can go dying because they are so disquieted about traveling back to school and are afraid of their failure and may believe that they are unable to larn. â€Å" The struggle is that as grownups we already have certain well-developed thoughts about life along with our ain system of thoughts and beliefs. To acknowledge that we need to larn something new is to acknowledge that there is something incorrect with our present system. â€Å"[ 1 ] On the other manus, they have outlook about the acquisition procedure and they are able to accept duty for their ain acquisition. They are independent and self – directed, they are non dependent on other people for way. Adults as scholars are goal-oriented and results-oriented. They normally know what end they want to accomplish and they besides have specific consequences in head for instruction. They must see a ground why to larn something. Learning has to be valuable for them ; it should be related to their demands and eventually suit to their work. In other words, grownups seek instruction which is appropriate for their current lives. They are practical and are focused on the facets of the lessons ; it means they want to cognize how the lessons will be utile to them on the occupation. We must non bury that grownups have a batch of experience and a wealth of cognition and they expect to be treated consequently. They require larning that makes sense and is connected to their cognition and experience. They can be critical of learning methods ; they will non execute a learning activity merely because the instructor said to make it. Furthermore, we can anticipate that grownups are more disciplined that some kids and adolescents and are able to prolong a degree of motive. Compared to kids, grownups have more developed abstract idea ; it means we have to take appropriate activities adapted to utilize their minds to larn consciously. To sum it up, there are a batch of specific characteristics of grownup scholars which we have to bear in head in the procedure of learning. Compared to kids and adolescents, grownups have particular demands and demands as scholars. Of class, these are generalisations and there can look some exclusions in each group of scholars. 2. Learner Differences All pupils have different rational abilities. They think and learn otherwise. Learner differences are related to different thought manners and larning manners of pupils. Some of them use more than one manner, but by and large each individual has a preferable manner. We can separate brooding minds, originative minds, practical minds and conceptual minds. Brooding minds perceive new information subjectively, associate it to past experience and analyze their feelings about larning. On the contrary, originative minds like to play with new information, really frequently ask â€Å" why? † and make their ain solutions. Practical minds need factual information and attempt to happen the simplest and besides efficient manner to make something. In other words, they want to use their new accomplishments to their occupation. The last group consists of conceptual minds who are interested in how things work, non merely in the concluding result. They like seeing images and want to cognize the related constructs.[ 2 ] Equally of import are larning manners. Students normally tend to one acquisition manner because they associate it with larning success. There are three general larning manners: ocular, audile, and kinesthetic. You read "The Characteristics Of Adult Learners Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" Ocular scholars process new information when they can see it. They like artworks, illustrations, diagrams, images and presentations. Their slogan is â€Å" Show me. â€Å" Auditory scholars rely on sounds and voices ; they remember new information when it is spoken. They love talks and treatments. Their slogan is â€Å" Tell me. † Kinesthetic scholars need to make something to understand it. They want to touch the new information or manipulate it. They prefer written assignments, taking notes and scrutiny of objects. Their slogan is â€Å" Let me make it. † 3. Motivation for Adult Learning Motivation is some sort of internal thrust which pushes person to make things in order to accomplish something. A cognitive position of motive includes factors such as the demand for geographic expedition, activity, stimulation, new cognition and self-importance sweetening. Students come to education for many grounds. All grounds are acceptable because any motive is better than none. Unless you are motivated, you will non and can non larn. Most big pupils are at the schoolroom because they want to be. There are called â€Å" want to † scholars. Some of them are at that place because they need it for their occupation. They are â€Å" have to † scholars. There are a batch of motive factors. Some of the most common are: Promotion- depends on go throughing an test or making a class. Personal promotion – people want to acquire higher position at work. Social relationships – people want to do new friends. Escape/Stimulation – people want to avoid ennui, larning can disrupt the day-to-day modus operandi at place or at work. External outlooks – people try to carry through the outlooks of person with formal authorization. More money – after go throughing a class or successful graduation you can anticipate to gain more money. Social public assistance – attempt to better ability to be good to mankind and take part in community work Cognitive involvement – people who are interested in larning, they want to have new information and seek cognition for its ain interest There are Four Foundational Principles that motivate grownups to larn ( Wlodkowski, 2009 ) : Inclusion is the consciousness of scholars that they are a portion of an environment, they respect each other, and they have no fright of menace or humiliation. It is related to positive societal clime. Inclusion Fosters engagement. Attitude is a combination of constructs, information, and emotions. Attitude consequences in a sensitivity that can take to favorable or unfavorable response. Attitude causes a powerful consequence on human behavior and acquisition because they help people make sense of their universe. ( E.g. Negative larning experience can impact our attitude, engagement and outlooks. ) Meaning – devising, apprehension, and altering significance is a cardinal facet of grownup instruction. Deep significance causes that the experience or thought is connected to an of import end. Meaning comes from disputing larning experience in an piquant format about a relevant subject. Meaning sustains engagement. Competence is an attempt to effectual interaction with the universe. Adults have a strong innate temperament to be competent. They need to use what they have learned to the existent universe. Competence allows a pupil to experience confident when they know that they are expert at what they are larning. Assurance once more supports and motivates more extended acquisition. This can ensue in a spiralling moral force of competency and assurance. Increasing and directing pupil motive is one of a teacherA?s undertakings. We should form the indispensable motivational conditions. If we want to set up inclusion, we need to make a acquisition ambiance in which scholars and instructors feel respected and connected to one another. Following undertaking is to develop attitude, it means making a favorable temperament to larning through personal relevancy and pick. To heighten significance is of import to make ambitious and thoughtful acquisition experiences which include learnersA? positions and values. Furthermore we should breed competency by making an apprehension of scholar effectivity. And how do we cognize if scholars are motivated? There are some discernible indexs of intrinsic motive: Learners do activities without opposition. Learners spontaneously relate acquisition. Learners ask inquiries. Learners go beyond required work. Learners are proud of their acquisition and its effects. Unlike kids and adolescents, grownups have many duties that they must equilibrate. These duties can take to the barriers against take parting in larning. The most common jobs are deficiency of clip, money, assurance, involvement, deficiency of information, programming job and jobs with kid attention and transit. The best manner how to actuate grownup scholars is to heighten their ground for acquisition and diminish the barriers. As instructors of grownups we have to be after actuating schemes which show learners the relationship between preparation and an expected publicity. 4. Giving Feedback â€Å" The old expression that pattern makes perfect is non true. But it is true to state that it is pattern the consequences of which are known which makes perfect. † ( F.C. Barlett ) Feedback, unfavorable judgment, praising and noticing are really of import in the instruction procedure. Teaching grownups is complicated because of the trouble of knocking. There are two unsafe: giving feedback in the incorrect manner and non giving plenty. Without proper feedback the learner public presentation can non better. If public presentation can non better, all scholars rapidly loose their involvement. Good feedback is one of the basic wagess of acquisition and critical portion of the learning rhythm goes like this: In comparing with kids and teens, grownups find it harder to acknowledge that they have made a error, and it is harder for them to unlearn it. The same error can be repeated once more hence is of import to give feedback instantly or every bit shortly as possible. The job is non merely to rectify mistakes made on the topographic point, but to happen out some basic misinterpretations from the yesteryear, e.g. when we teach grammar, pupils sometimes have no thought what parts of address are. Until all the misinterpretation from the yesteryear are identified, no advancement can be made. A batch of pupils seem it hard to larn the regulations of English spelling decently. It can be a combination of mechanical and psychological grounds. It is peculiarly difficult to rectify once more perennial errors. The solution how to avoid it is bar ; it means make certain that on first juncture of a new piece of larning the grownup gets the right reply – â€Å" right first clip † .[ 3 ] It is frequently said that people learn by doing errors. It is true but we should recognize when measuring that prise make us experience confident, whereas negative unfavorable judgment makes us self-doubting. Good feedback is given quickly, contains encouraging words, gives elaborate remark on each public presentation, praises the good points before knocking the bed, is focused on knocking the public presentation, non the individual, is concentrated on merely a few errors at a clip and is clear. Giving feedback demands accomplishments every bit good as tact. We should make a friendly ambiance for constructive feedback. After giving feedback, we should look into that the scholar has understood the message by inquiring open-ended inquiries. Avoid closed ( yes, no ) inquiries, e.g. Have you understood? It is better to get down inquiries with â€Å" State me † , â€Å" How † , or â€Å" Why † . Finally, a batch of instructors overestimate the measure of feedback they give. To avoid it, seek to happen ways to offer every scholar some feedback in every lesson. As instructors of grownups we should understate the bed consequence of unfavorable judgment although there are a batch of possibilities for misinterpretation because without feedback pupils can non larn and instructors do non learn. 5. Function of the Teacher â€Å" When the pupil is ready, the instructor appears † ( a Buddhist adage ) As we said in one of old chapter, a batch of big pupils can experience dying when they go back to school after a few old ages being out of the schoolroom. Our occupation as a instructor of grownup pupils is to be positive, friendly and encouraging. Patients help excessively. It is sometimes of import to cognize that older pupils need more clip to react if we ask a inquiry. Promote your pupils to utilize their ain life experience in the acquisition procedure excessively. As instructor we should understate the carnival of failure and the bad consequence of past acquisition experiences by offering activities which are accomplishable for our pupils and correspond to their degree. Not merely pupils can hold some concerns. There can be a job for some instructors and it is age. School instructors are ever older than their students and have the advantages of longer instruction. Not so instructors of grownups. They can be younger than their pupils and may even be less intelligent. It is right to hold some concerns about a new group of pupils, but both the job and the solution are in our ain custodies. What makes a good instructor? Effective instructor have these features ( Rogers, 1989 ) : A warm personality – accept all pupils and understand them, be helpful Social skill – ability to link the group together without being dominate Forming ability – disposal is swimmingly handled Skill in descrying and deciding scholar jobs Enthusiasm – a batch of oculus contact, varied voice inflection. Not merely can the personality of a instructor but the leading manner lead to the success or failure of larning. We can separate three different types of leading: dictator, where the leader is rigorous, autocratic, encourages fight and makes all of import determinations himself ; laissez-faire, where the instructor does virtually nil unless he is straight asked a inquiry ; and democratic, where the scholars decide what they will make and the instructor is person who can impact single solutions of jobs. In the group where the instructor behaves magisterially the scholars are submissive and good behaved, but frequently mishear instructions, are competitory, reciprocally belittling and demo marks of aggression and tend to abandon work when the instructor leaves the room. On the contrary, the individualistic group does about nil whether or non the instructor is present. Under democratic leading the scholars work good together without carnival of one surpassing the other. There occur smal l tenseness or aggression and the impermanent absence of the instructor make no alterations in the sum of work the scholars do.[ 4 ] It is clear that creativeness is more bucked up in groups where the instructor does non rule. There can develop pleasant societal relationships, more pupils talk to one another and esteem each other. On the other manus, dominant, aloof, autocratic instructors tend to bring forth either really hostile or subdued group of scholars who are individualists and do non desire to co-operate. 6. Teaching Schemes Any activity that gets pupils involved is really utile and makes the learning experimental. This includes e.g. little group treatments, function drama, composing or pulling something specific, skits etc. Activities that involve acquiring up and traveling approximately can besides maintain pupils energized. Try to utilize a assortment of learning stuffs and methods and do non bury single differences of your pupils ( differences in manner, clip, types and gait of larning ) . It is known that single differences addition with age. Take into history that your pupils have a batch of life experience which they can convey to the schoolroom, supply them every bit much chances for duologue as possible and ask open-ended inquiries so that they can utilize their cognition and experience. Treat all inquiries and remarks with regard. State your pupils the outlooks of the instruction procedure and familiarise them with the course of study, but do non be disappointed when they do non wholly agree wi th your program. You can discourse it together and do some alterations in conformity with the demands of your pupils. They can assist you to plan the acquisition procedure. Because grownup pupils are jobs centred, allow them cognize how the freshly acquired cognition can be applied to current jobs or state of affairss. As a instructor you should equilibrate between presentation of new stuff, treatment and engagement among pupils and your class program. Teaching schemes for grownups are more effectual if it is learner-centred than instructor-centred.[ 5 ] By utilizing combinations of grownup scholar techniques and schemes, Extension pedagogues can make preparation experiences that will heighten the acquisition of participants. When grownups participate in a positive acquisition experience, they are more likely to retain what they have learned and use it in their work environment. 6.1. Lectures and Presentations Lectures and presentations are the most common instruction methods in big instruction. They are sometimes referred to as an economic manner of learning because they do non necessitate about any technician or administrative support. As a instructor usage these methods exhaustively. First, maintain them short. Lectures should take 15 or 20 proceedingss and bound for presentation is even shorter, five proceedingss. Second, your talk should hold a clear beginning, center and terminal ; it means that it is clear to your pupils and if it is clear defined, it can assist pupils to cognize what the aims are before get downing. This techniques has o batch of possibilities how to be used. You can present short intensive presentation which is followed by practising. You can instantly see if your pupils understood your talk. Adults learn best through engagement and activity, so your talk or presentation can be interspersed with group treatment, single undertakings, and audio-visual stuff. In the talks or presentations try to maintain to simple chief points. A batch of grownup pupils need to hold a written support of a new piece of larning but it is known that grownups do non take notes really frequently. Making notes during presentation can be a recreation from understanding therefore it is better to teach your pupils non to compose merely listen to you. Fix well-designed printed press releases for them, non really long because it could deter your pupils from reading it. It is better to administer press releases after a talk than earlier ; it is less deflecting. If you are showing, be certain that all scholars are able to see from your point of position. If the presentations are seen from the forepart, the pupil must mentally change by reversal all the procedures. In general, talks and presentations are likely best used in short subdivisions, with frequent resort to treatment, single pattern, undertaking work etc. 6.2. Role – drama, Simulation and Games Simulation, role- drama and games play similar functions in linguistic communication instruction. They are seen as ways of bridging the spread between the schoolroom and the existent word. These activities offer a assortment of ways how to do the acquisition procedure more interesting, disputing and lively. As we said in earlier chapters, grownups need to avoid being told how to make something, they need to seek it out for themselves. Role-playing refers to the changing of one ‘s behavior to presume a function. It is any speech production activity when you either set yourself into person else ‘s places ( The President, a millionaire, a dad star etc. ) , or when you stay in your ain places but set yourself into an fanciful state of affairs ( ‘At the eating house ‘ , ‘Checking in at the airdrome ‘ etc. ) Role-playing is proposed as an ideal technique to learn linguistic communication because it prepares scholars for the unpredictable nature of real-life communicating, Teachs appropriate linguistic communication usage, and boosts assurance. Learning takes topographic point when activities are prosecuting and memorable. It is ever better to convey state of affairss to life and maintain them existent and relevant. We should utilize the role-play for the undermentioned grounds ( Harmer, 1989 ) : It ‘s merriment and motivation. Quieter pupils get the opportunity to show themselves in a more blunt manner. The universe of the schoolroom is broadened to include the outside universe – therefore offering a much wider scope of linguistic communication chances. Some function playing is simple and does non necessitate any particular readying. It is a normal extension of work done rehearsing duologues and drills ; on the other manus, function drama can be prepared in advanced when the instructor sets up the scene. The stuff must be relevant, brief and believable. Once you have selected a suited function drama, predict the linguistic communication needed for it. It is recommended to present any new vocabulary before the function drama. After the function drama is finished, pass some clip on debriefing. This does non intend indicating out and rectifying errors. It is the procedure of debriefing which helps do the acquisition points. After the function drama, the pupils are satisfied with themselves ; they feel that they have used their cognition of the linguistic communication for something utile. This feeling of satisfaction will vanish if every error is analyzed. It might besides do the pupils less confident and less willing to make the other function dramas. Ask your pupils sentiment about the role-play, e.g. : What did you believe of the manner you handled X? How did it compare with the manner you deal with this in existent life? The purpose is to discourse what has happened in the function and what they have learned. Finally, do non bury to thank and praise the participants for their attempts. Example of function drama: We can play the picture where the characters are making something. The pupils watch it and so can reiterate some duologues. Then the instructor divides pupils into groups and they play the characters from the film dawdler, but extend the duologues harmonizing to their ain phantasy. After rectification and treatment they play the same scene once more. Simulation is defined as a world of map in a fake and structured environment. A simulation has three features: A world of map which means the participants in a simulation must step inside the function they have accepted and act consequently. A fake environment where there is no contact with the existent universe. A structured environment where the participants have all the facts and information provided for them.[ 6 ] Simulations have been used in many countries of preparation and instruction, such as the ground forces or in concern surveies. But in whatever country, linguistic communication is the tool used for communicating and Jones claim that simulation and linguistic communication are â€Å" virtually inseparable † . Simulation in ELT motivates scholars because simulation activities give them a opportunity to be involved in linguistic communication usage. It allows everyone to take part and even when errors are made, the instructor does non interfere. It gives chance for meaningful pattern of linguistic communication because most simulations involve interaction, either verbal or non-verbal, in spoken or written signifier. Well – planned simulations that are relevant to the scholars will surely promote earners to desire to finish the undertakings. The realistic ambiance in simulation is achieved through the careful readying of the stimulus stuff. Students take functions where the y behave as people in a wider assortment state of affairss which are close to existent life. Simulation encourages creativeness although it begins with information given to scholars. They need to be clever to bring forth the thought and to finish the simulation. Example of simulation: Title: To do a command 5 participants ( each pupil is given a function card with some information about a function and with counsel what to make: Finance Manager, Factory Manager, Gross saless Manager, Office Manager, and Director ) Situation: The company is doing available RM 10A 000 for upgrading merely one of the four sections. Each section is under the leading of a director ( as in the above ) . Each section is allowed to do a command for the amount of money saying the ground the money is needed. The Director will so make up one’s mind the successful bidder. Language maps: Explaining, justifying, supporting, opposing. Time: 1 hr lesson Students are divided in groups of 5. At the terminal of the lesson, the Director studies on the determination for each group. Games Not merely do many grownups enjoy games, but linguistic communication games really accelerate larning in a figure of ways. It is perfectly critical that big pupils know why they are utilizing a peculiar game, what specific mark grammar or vocabulary are they rehearsing, or what accomplishment are they reenforcing by utilizing the game. If pupils know and understand why they are making a peculiar activity they will be much more inclined to collaborate and bask the acquisition. Learning through merriment activities relaxes pupils and makes the schoolroom atmosphere much more supportive for scholars. Using adequate assortment in the type of activity or game will convey all four acquisition manners into drama: auditory, ocular and kinesthetic. Using games allows your pupils to acquire the most out of lesson clip, by passing it talking English. There are some links where you can happen a batch of games for grownup English scholars: www.teachingenglishgames.com www.ELTgames.com The of import advantage of all above mentioned activities is that they are wholly active methods of larning. Another benefit is that their existent value is frequently in the societal accomplishments they teach. 6.3. Undertaking Work â€Å" State me and I forget. Show me and I remember. Involve me and I understand † ( Chinese adage ) Undertaking work is a agency of communicating and enjoyment based on the combination of theory and pattern. A undertaking is an drawn-out piece of work on a peculiar subject where the content and the presentation are determined chiefly by the scholars. Students work in groups to work out disputing jobs that are reliable and frequently interdisciplinary. Learners decide how to near a job and what activities to prosecute. It can be used at every degree from absolute novice to progress. There can be involved all scholars mixed in ability, assurance and experience. The undertakings are really originative. The writers of the undertakings gather information from a assortment of beginnings and synthesise, analyze, and derive cognition from it and so set all the parts together to organize a consistent presentation. It is based on studentsA? demands and involvements. The instructor ‘s function is to steer and rede, instead than to direct and pull off pupil work. How to get down? Teach your pupils how to make undertaking work. Get down with concrete, small-scale activities. Decide the presentation signifier and the standards for its rating. Undertakings need to be seen or read so be after the last undertaking session as a presentation. Types of undertakings: Production undertaking Performance undertaking Collection undertakings Informational undertakings Orientation undertakings Social public assistance undertakings. Each undertaking needs to be evaluated. You can utilize a simple undertaking rating study, which remarks on facets of the undertaking such as content, design, linguistic communication work and besides evaluates the unwritten presentation phase of the undertaking. It can be discussed with all pupils from the category or group. Advantages of undertaking work are: It increases motive because all scholars are personally involved All four accomplishments – reading, composing, listening and talking are integrated Learning outcome – pupils have an concluding merchandise Undertaking is an reliable undertaking and therefore the linguistic communication input is more reliable There are developed interpersonal dealingss through working in a group It is learner centred – contend and methodological analysis can be decided between the scholars and the instructor A interruption from everyday.[ 7 ] 6.4. Discussion Discussion is the prototypic learning method for active acquisition because it encourages pupils to detect solutions and develop critical thought abilities. . Discussion allows scholars to be active and experience personal contact. During treatment all participants speak to each other, explore, exchange positions, and larn from each other, pupils from instructor, instructor from pupils. Discussion is a state of affairs where pupils and instructor can and make do an unfastened, equal and personal response to a book, current societal job, manner, movies, political relations etc. which needs reading to take it beyond a factual statement. In a good treatment most members of the group experience willing able to talk when appropriate. Even in group where everybody contributes, there will be people who talk more than others. Dominant members of groups are frequently able and energetic people, whose enterprise can be used for other group members, either in the thoughts they contribute to gen eral treatment, or in some particular assignments, excess research or short talks they can set about. Silent member or people who speak seldom in a treatment can be soundless as a manner of demoing disapproval of what the remainder of group are stating or they can be diffident, diffident or lazy or because they prefer to listen to other people instead than to speak themselves. Problems of over-dominant and excessively soundless pupils can be solved by dividing the group into smaller groups for some portion of the category clip. Peoples who ne’er speak in the big group can state a batch in the smaller 1. Before treatment you can promote your pupil to fix for it. They can believe about a subject, read some stuffs and write notes and remarks. It is normal that for the first twosome of proceedingss the treatment is slow and hard to pull off, but if your pupils are prepared for it and you create a friendly atmosphere it can shortly warm up. If your purpose is a treatment which involves everyone, it is of import to run chairs in a circle, as that is the lone manner people can see or turn to each other easy than in sitting lecture- manner in consecutive lines.[ 8 ] Decision In decision, learning grownups should be different from learning kids and striplings. As we said, instructors of grownups should utilize a different manner of learning which is based on the theory of andragogy which suggest that grownups expect learner – centred scenes where they can find their ain ends and form their acquisition harmonizing to their present life demands. The learning techniques should be chosen with respect to demands of all scholars. We should see what attack and methods seem to be appropriate for our pupils. We have to esteem our pupils different larning manners, we should promote them, actuate them and give them a proper feedback. When our pupils know that the instruction procedure benefits them pragmatically, they will execute better, and the benefits will be longer enduring. Good instructors of grownups take all of these factors into history. Beyond learning your topic, you have the chance to animate assurance and passion in another human being. This is your challenge as a instructor of grownups. How to cite The Characteristics Of Adult Learners Education Essay, Essay examples

Pros and Cons of Exporting to a Regionally Integrated Market free essay sample

Since the main Justification behind regional trade agreement is in the best interest of the regional members and at the expense of diverting trades from third party countries. In another word, very few advantages can be found from an exporters point of view, not to mention a great deal of stumbling blocks in terms of government protectionism for the better soundness of EUS internal trade. Countries like EIJ are very regionally economically integrated in that there are strong economic union as well as political integration, especially in terms of trade. As a esult, EIJ will very much benefit from its regionalism from the reduction of tariff and non-tariff barriers that are only enjoyed by member states. Certainly its more profitable to expand our market, especially in big country like France, however the drawbacks outweigh extensively in that our competitive advantages will be easily offset by the internal reduction of barriers in EIJ honey manufacturing industry, consequently leaving us very little profit margin. We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Exporting to a Regionally Integrated Market or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Besides the fact the sales might shoot up in the short term, there are almost no pros but cons in exporting to ELI, including a lengthy due- processes, no advantages ompare to EIJ members and great degree of country and economic risks. France is the second biggest member in EIJ in terms of honey consumptions. It will certainly account for a major proportion of our production outsource. This will largely increase our sales revenue as well as the economy of scale to expand the company. Moreover, when penetrating regional integrated market like France, its likely our company will be subsidized by government which is critical in logistic and country risk cost cutting. However, prior to entering, EIJ firstly has laid down extensive and lengthy legislation pplying to the EIJ import of honey intended for human consumption Before an EIJ buyer places an order, he needs to be sure your honey complies with the EIJ requirements and his own quality demands. U buyers will theretore require documentation on chemical analyses of each batch of honey. Most EIJ honey importers make use of the internationally acknowledged chemical laboratory on honey, Applica, to perform analyses (CBI, March, 2008) Along with the import license acquisition, it requires extremely long due-process and in turn increasing our inventory storage cost. Secondly, with regional free trade, roduction shifts toward the most efficient manufacturers of honey within the RTA. The fact that they retaining barriers to trade with nonmembers deprives our cost leadership and consumers will never consider our honey when there are cheaper options elsewhere. Lastly, highly integrated RTA in EIJ also reflects a strong economic union that readily affects France, which makes Frances economic and cultural prospects very volatile to predict and understand since the internal members are very inter-related particularly when theres an economic recession, for instance the ecent contagion of Greek debt crisis towards EIJ.

Should Marijuana Be Legalized free essay sample

Still today the debate over the legalization of marijuana in the United States continues. Marijuana is a drug that often smoked in a cigarette or bong. Because this drug is illegal, it is affecting us as individuals and as a country. Many people believe legalizing this â€Å"miracle drug† could be very beneficial to our country, including myself. It is argued that, â€Å"Like sex, alcohol, or cigarettes, marijuana is one of lifes little pleasures for some people† (Should Marijuana Be Legalized under Any Circumstances?). We will write a custom essay sample on Should Marijuana Be Legalized? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If marijuana were legalized our economy would improve, the crime rate would decrease, medical benefits would be seen, and make it possible for the quality and safety of drugs to be regulated. Many people have the wrong idea of what marijuana actually does to the body, assuming it is a more harmful drug than it actually is. But in reality, it is not so bad. â€Å"The drug generally isn’t more harmful than alcohol or tobacco if used in moderation,† but isn’t abuse of any bad substance almost always a problem? (Should Marijuana Be Legalized under Any Circumstances?). Like all drugs, you will suffer harmful consequences to your body if moderation is not used. â€Å"Its low toxicity is responsible for the well-known fact that marijuana has never directly caused a death†. (Legalizing Weed May Benefit Society, Economy)The Washington Post said â€Å"marijuana smoking, even in extreme cases, does not lead to lung cancer, while cigarettes cause 440,000 deaths a year.† (Legalizing Weed May Benefit Society, Economy). Also, most doctors say it is not any more addictive than alcohol or  tobacco. I do not believe it is fair or right that marijuana is illegal while tobacco and alcohol are equally harmful, if not more harmful. Health reasons don’t seem to be the reason it is illegal. So if this drug isn’t considered a major health concern compared to alcohol or tobacco, then why is it illegal? Well, like most things these days, it is a matter of business, this one going back to 1937. It was William Randolph Hearst who fought to make it illegal. Hearst had a strong connection with the timber industry, and when he found that hemp could be made into a paper  better than what he had, he pushed to make marijuana illegal for its harmful effect on users of the drug. With lots of money put into this effort, he made marijuana illegal. (Legalizing Weed May Benefit Society, Economy). So as you can see, it was never given a fair shot at being looked at properly. It was immediately given a bad reputation and since has never been able to become legal. I believe if it hadn’t been pushed to be illegal in that situation, it would be a legal drug right now. It is well known that lack of money does not always stop people from getting the drugs they need. Instead of paying for the drugs, they will steal it. â€Å"Legalization would mean a lower price; thus, related crimes (like theft) would be reduced† (Should Marijuana Be Legalized under Any Circumstances?). The cost of marijuana is higher in price due to the fact that it is illegal, but if it were legal the cost would go down, along with the crime rate in the United States. If legalized, less of government’s money would be spent on trying to stop the people producing this drug. Instead, the money could go to more important things including efforts trying to stop murders, terrorism, sex offenders, and more serious drugs. I believe that this fight against marijuana is unnecessary because it prevents our government from focusing on the more serious issues in the United States. As said by the National Office of Drug Control Policy, â€Å"the government was spending $29 billion annually to prosecute and incarcerate marijuana users.† (Legalizing Weed May Benefit Society, Economy). With that money back in our country’s pocket, a lot of good things could be done. Legalizing this drug would eliminate a good portion of our country’s issues. Many good people in our country may slip up one and for that they have a lifelong criminal record. An example of a slip up could be a one time use of marijuana. â€Å"Drug busts often trap young people in a flawed system that turns them into lifelong criminals.† (Should Marijuana Be Legalized under Any Circumstances?) After a person uses an illegal drug once, often times they find themselves too deep into the illegal system to get out. And after this, there life consists of several crimes trying to get out, one after the other. If marijuana were legalized, I believe we would see less cases where people’s lives are ruined due to the drug world. A legal system wouldn’t  have these terrible results. This drug is very beneficial to the sick. One group of people who could benefit from this is cancer patients. The drug can assist them with chemotherapy. Also, marijuana â€Å"prevents tension and stress that cause sore muscles and or aggitation and high blood pressure† (Marijuana: The Simple, Logical Benefits of Legalization). California has legalized marijuana for medicinal purposes. If California is using a drug to help their sick patients, why doesn’t the rest of the country? A major problem with this illegal drug is that some users become sick due its poor quality. There is no way of having a system to check for quality when it is illegal. Also, suing someone would be out of the question because the drug is illegal. But â€Å"By bringing marijuana into the legitimate business world, you can oversee production and regulate sales.† (Should Marijuana Be Legalized under Any Circumstances?). The fact that this drug is illegal is only making it more dangerous for the users, and these users are going to get the drug if they want it bad enough. In the 1920’s the use of alcohol was banned. This was called the Prohibition of the 1920s. It is well known that this caused serious crimes as booze was being made and sold illegally. The country’s crime rate increased rapidly and many people died for getting involved with this. Later, the United States made alcohol legal, fixing all the problems that had occurred. I can’t help but to imagine the same thing would happen if marijuana was legalized. Right now, California’s number one cash crop is marijuana, which brings in a whopping $14 billion a year. If many lives can be saved, many jobs created, and more money for our government can be earned, I can’t seem to find the reason why this drug isn’t legal yet. (Time to Legalize Marijuana?). Another issue this illegal drug brings to our country is environmental problems. Marijuana is mostly grown by Mexican drug cartels in California. The things involved in this illegal process are â€Å"Hundred KW generators, diesel storage tanks, ATV vehicles and large quantities of animal poison† (Marijuanas Effects: More Than Munchies). These growers are said to put  poison around their fields to kill of any wildlife that may harm the marijuana crops. On the other hand, many people producing marijuana use healthy ways of treating their crops to the best they can. â€Å"†They buy soil in bulk, use rat traps instead of poison, water with timers and drip systems. They have very little physical impact on the land† (Marijuanas Effects: More Than Munchies). It sickens me to think that if this drug were legalized, no one would have any reason to be doing this. Instead, growers would be using proper ways of dealing with the protection of their marijuana because they have no evidence that needs to be hidden. Here in America we take pride in the amount of freedom we have. I believe people should have access to marijuana, which isn’t all that serious of a drug. I understand that this is considered a gateway drug to other drugs. It makes us believe that other drugs can’t be as bad as it seems. It can lead us to more negative choices that ruin our life. But we are given freedoms to make our own decisions, and the government should not try to make this decision for us. Just like tobacco and alcohol, this drug should be legal. As I have already mentioned, the legalization of marijuana is still being debated today, as it has been for many years. To me the answer to this debate is quite obvious. It is hard to ignore the number of positive things for our country that could potentially come out of marijuana becoming legal. Legalizing marijuana would help with the economy, crime rate, heath problems, and our country as a whole. We must consider these endless benefits of legalizing marijuana when deciding whether or not we should legalize it.

Free Essays on The Use Of Ego-Boundary Thinking In Antigone

to explain things that displease you. But I do hear things, under cover of darkness, what our country says in grief for this girl: that no one is more innocent, no death more awful, no deeds more noble than hers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (833-839) But King Creon is so stubborn and proud that he fails to realize what his son is saying. Instead Creon is focusing on the image he must portray to keep order in his kingdom, his is not about to allow a woman to disobey a law and get away Scot-free. This single-mindedness is what makes Exterior-Thinking so bad, people get so focused on what the outside world will think of them when the make decisions. King Creon thinks that his kingdom will think that he is weak if he doesn’t punish Antigone. What he doesn’t realize is that his people sympathize with Antigone and if Creon were to let her go the people would think more highly of him. Haimon comes back to his father to make a second plea for Antigo... Free Essays on The Use Of Ego-Boundary Thinking In Antigone Free Essays on The Use Of Ego-Boundary Thinking In Antigone The Use of Ego-Boundary Thinking in Antigone Part 1 Ego-Boundary is a form of thought that combines an individual’s moral view with his/her view of the outside world. This combination allows the individual to make uninfluenced decisions. I believe that Ego-Boundary thinking allows you the freedom to slip back and forth from both Interior-Thinking and Exterior thinking. It is hard to limit yourself to one particular type of thinking because every situation calls for a different reaction. Using a balanced approach allows the individual the opportunity to avoid being heavily influenced by a particular way of thinking. Haimon is able to balance his personal feelings for Antigone (Interior thinking) and the voice of the people (Exterior thinking) In Antigone, Haimon uses Ego-Boundary thinking to try and convince his dad, King Creon, that he is wrong to punish Antigone. He tries to convey to Creon what the people are saying: â€Å"Because, for the common man, your gaze is terrible. He can’t find words to explain things that displease you. But I do hear things, under cover of darkness, what our country says in grief for this girl: that no one is more innocent, no death more awful, no deeds more noble than hers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (833-839) But King Creon is so stubborn and proud that he fails to realize what his son is saying. Instead Creon is focusing on the image he must portray to keep order in his kingdom, his is not about to allow a woman to disobey a law and get away Scot-free. This single-mindedness is what makes Exterior-Thinking so bad, people get so focused on what the outside world will think of them when the make decisions. King Creon thinks that his kingdom will think that he is weak if he doesn’t punish Antigone. What he doesn’t realize is that his people sympathize with Antigone and if Creon were to let her go the people would think more highly of him. Haimon comes back to his father to make a second plea for Antigo...

Birth, Death Marriage Records in Alberta Canada

Birth, Death Marriage Records in Alberta Canada The Province of Alberta was formed in 1905, but civil registration of births, marriages, and deaths in Alberta dates back to 1870 when Alberta was part of the Northwest Territories. A few, scattered birth records date back as far as 1850. How to Request an Alberta Vital Record: Government Services, Alberta RegistriesVital StatisticsBox 2023Edmonton, Alberta T5J 4W7Phone: (780) 427-7013 Alberta residents applying for an event which occurred in Alberta must apply through a Registry Agent, either in person or in writing. Applications by non-Alberta residents for a vital event which occurred in Alberta may apply through Registry Connect.Certificate Request for Alberta Residents The minimum fee for a birth, marriage or death certificate requested through a registry agent by an Alberta resident is $20 Canadian. Postage and handling, plus an agency fee is added on top, however, meaning that the actual fee charged will vary by registry agent. The cost for each certificate requested by people living outside of Alberta through Registry Connect is $40 Canadian, which includes GST and postage (except for rush delivery). Website: Alberta Vital Statistics Alberta Birth Records: Dates: From about 1850* Cost of copy: varies by registry agent (see above) Comments: When requesting the record for genealogical purposes, be sure to request a certified photocopy of a registration of birth (long form). This record will contain the name, date, and place of birth, sex, names of parents, and registration number and date, and may contain the age and/or birth date and birth place of parents. Birth records in Alberta are not public until after 100 years have passed from the date of birth. To apply for a genealogical search of birth records less than 100 years old, you must be able to show that the individual is deceased  and that you are an eligible next-of-kin (parent, sibling, children or spouse). Alberta Death Records: Dates: From about 1890* Cost of copy: varies by registry agent (see above) Comments: When requesting the record for genealogical purposes, be sure to request a certified photocopy of a registration of birth (long form). This record will generally contain the name, date, and place of death, sex, age, marital status and registration number and date, and may contain the name of spouse, names and birth places of parents, usual residence, occupation and date and place of birth. Death records in Alberta are not public until after 50 years have passed from the date of death. To apply for a genealogical search of death records less than 50 years old, you must be able to show that you are an eligible next-of-kin (parent, sibling, children or spouse). Alberta Marriage Records: Dates: From about 1890 Cost of copy: varies by registry agent (see above) Comments: When requesting the record for genealogical purposes, be sure to request a certified photocopy of a registration of birth (long form). This record will contain the names of bride and groom, date and place of marriage, birthplaces of bride and groom and registration number and date, and may contain the age and/or birthdate of bride and groom and the names and birth places of parents. Marriage records in Alberta are not public until after 76 years have passed from the date of marriage. To apply for a genealogical search of marriage records less than 75 years old, you must be able to show that the bride and groom are deceased  and that you are an eligible next-of-kin (parent, sibling, children or spouse). Divorce Records: Dates: From 1867 Cost of copy: varies Comments: For information on divorce proceedings in Alberta from 1867-1919 contact the Senate of Canada at the following address: Office of the Law Clerk and Parliamentary CounselRoom 3043rd Floor222 Queen StreetOTTAWA, ON K1A 0A4Phone: (613) 992-2416 After 1919 divorce proceedings were handled by the provincial courts. Write to the provincial courthouse for location and availability or enquire at the county courthouse concerning indexes and searches.Website: Alberta Courts * Original birth records from approximately 1850 through the 1980s for some communities are in the custody of the Provincial Archives of Alberta. Transcripts of these birth certificates can be obtained for $5.00, plus GST and postage fees. This is a cheaper option than obtaining the records through Alberta Vital Statistics, but photocopies of the original records are not available - only the transcripts.

Professional Development Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Professional Development Analysis - Assignment Example Above all you have to keep in mind the time and effort that you can put in to achieve professional development goals. The complexity of striking a balance in all these variables characteristics is not a simple task and a mere miscalculation can drive you into the chasm of wilderness and despair beside wastage of time and hard earned resources. Often in life, we face crossroads and have to make decision on a diversion to adopt or abandon one of the two favorites and only a correct decision can make things happen for us, the same goes with our professional development. A well thought-out plan can make thing easier and can help you choose the correct option. Specially, in a fast pace professional environment today, decision making has become an art of making right choices at right time. It is important to understand professional development in its correct perspective. Professional development is a long term plan but it yields results only on putting restless daily efforts. Professional development is a light house in your journey towards professional excellence. It is not a destination but defines a path towards the ultimate destination. Like any other long term plan professional development requires careful planning and consideration as Zepeda has pointed out in his book, â€Å"Professional development cannot be left to chance. Professional development must be planned purposefully and deliberately as part of the workday. Professional development is never the end but rather the beginning of the journey toward learning.† (Zepeda, 2008, p.61). This research is aimed at investigations into the available career paths in the field of mechanical engineering and provides a strategic approach towards achieving goals hence set for professional development. The analysis covers next five years action plan headed towards the completion of final year studies followed by master and PhD to finally achieve a career in

Setting and Theme of these stories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Setting and Theme of these stories - Essay Example The plot type is tragedy, and the novel is about depressed, hopeless and saddened characters, which endure hardships and loss. The novel focuses over the wanted success of different characters, and it describes their dreams. The needed relationships in life, friendship and loneliness of characters are the elements contained in this novel that makes it worth reading. The themes of the novel include pain of loneliness and tragedy of mental retardation. Locations discussed in this novel are the California farm, Salinas River and villages. Author is sympathetic to the characters, yet he does not give them a happy ending. Even till now, it is argued that the novel is emphasizing over hope, happiness and joys of life or it takes its reader into depression. The style of this novel is naturalist, which relates to the depressing literary style. The tone of the author throughout the novel is gloomy and dismal. Steinbeck is a naturalist writer and for the naturalist writers the human characters are more like a human-beast as they seem to be the victim of others around them. In the novel, the author has referred Lennie as a â€Å"bear† and â€Å"horse†. The author does not describe his characters as evil or good as he believes that they are controlled by their environment, chances or heredity. The author does not represent its characters by enforced judgment about their actions; he just presents the characters as they are. He mirrors his characters through the writing style. The language used is simple but compelling. Author keeps the language simple, straightforward and descriptive. A famous novel A Tale of Two Cities is written by Charles Dickens, the novel portrays the scene and circumstances in London and Paris during French Revolution. This novel consists on three books named Recalled to Life, the Golden Thread and the Track of a Storm. The